Michael Smith only
Breeuna09
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Raymond Cattell (1905- 1998)
& Hans Eysenck (1916- 1997)
Statistics + Genetics
Factor Analysis n Uses statistics technique n Based on probabilities and correlations
¨Correlation coefficient - a measure of the association between two variables n 0 = no association n +1 = perfect positive association n –1 = perfect negative association
Correlations
Positive Correlation Negative Correlation low high low high
high
low
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Factor Analysis n Correlation matrix
assert conf comp talk cheer alert thou IQ
assertive - 0.80 0.87 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.11
confident - 0.99 0.15 0.06 0.10 0.02 0.50
competitive - 0.14 0.03 0.20 0.04 0.02
talkative - 0.90 0.20 0.01 0.13
cheerful - 0.10 0.13 0.10
alert - 0.90 0.99
thoughful - 0.95
IQ -
n Cluster analysis ¨Factor - cluster of highly correlated measures
(another word for “trait”)
Descriptors of Low RangePrimary Factor Descriptors of High Range
Reserve, impersonal, distant, cool, reserved, impersonal, detached, formal
Warmth
Warm, outgoing, attentive to others, kindly, easy going, participating, likes people
Concrete thinking, lower general mental capacity, less intelligent, unable to handle abstract problems
Reasoning
Abstract-thinking, more intelligent, bright, higher general mental capacity, fast learner
Reactive emotionally, changeable, affected by feelings, emotionally less stable, easily upset
Emotional Stability Emotionally stable, adaptive, mature, faces reality calm
Deferential, cooperative, avoids conflict, submissive, humble, obedient, easily led, docile, accommodating
Dominance
Dominant, forceful, assertive, aggressive, competitive, stubborn, bossy
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The 16 Factor Theory: Cattell n Surface traits:
¨ traits that are correlated, but correlation is superficial (grouping them together does not really explain behavior)
n Source traits: ¨ basic, underlying grouping of personality traits that cause
behavior ¨ Found 16 source traits
¨ Constitutional source traits ¨ Environmental-mold traits
16 Source Traits Measured by Cattell’s Questionnaire “16PF” n Warmth n Reasoning n Emotional Stability n Dominance n Liveliness n Rule-Consciousness n Social Boldness n Sensitivity
n Vigilance n Abstractedness n Privateness n Apprehension n Openness to Change n Self-Reliance n Perfectionism n Tension
Comparison of Results
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PF 16 Personality test
n Used in many companies n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GIsm
o9oGFc n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouHiHj
IYSD4
Activity n Warmth n Reasoning n Emotional Stability n Dominance n Liveliness n Rule-Consciousness n Social Boldness n Sensitivity n Vigilance n Abstractedness n Privateness n Apprehension n Openness to Change n Self-Reliance n Perfectionism n Tension
n What would be the results you would obtain if you were taking the test?
n For each trait, rate yourself between 0 and 4
n Create your own chart
Homework for next session
n Take the 16 PF personality test (185 items).
n http://personality- testing.info/tests/16PF.php
n Write down or save the results n Compare the results with what you initially
thought to obtain
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Ability trait
n Fluid intelligence: ability to reason quickly & abstractly when facing totally new intellectual tasks
n Crystallized intelligence: Accumulated knowledge
Intelligence
Temperament Traits
n style and tempo of behavior n biological influence
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Dynamic Traits
n ergs: dynamic, constitutional source traits anger, fear, sex, etc.
n metaergs: environmental-mold (learned) dynamic source traits
Eysenck’s Views of Personality
n Superfactors or types a. Extroversion (vs Introversion)
b. Neuroticism (vs Emotional Stability)
c. Psychoticism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFtoATYeklY
Superfactors
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Eysenck’s chart
Extraversion/Introversion Test n 4 volunteers : 2 who are extravert and 2 who are
introvert n Procedure:
¨ Swallow 3 times your saliva and immediately put one end of the cotton swab onto your tongue. Hold it in your mouth for 30 seconds
¨ Drink a small amount of lemon juice. Keep it for few seconds in your mouth before swallowing.
¨ Place the other end of the swab in your mouth on the same spot in your mouth. Hold it for 30 sec.
¨ Let the swab hang
Biological Bases of Personality
¨Emphasized n the ascending reticular activating
system (RAS)
n visceral brain (VB)
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Role of Genetics
n Cattell: Some traits are heritable; others are environmental
n Eysenck: Superfactors are heritable
Psychopathology
Cattell: Two Approaches ¨Imbalance of normal traits ¨12 Abnormal traits
Eysenck ¨Abnormally high levels of the 3 superfactors
Psychotherapy
Cattell ¨ Personality testing should precede therapy ¨ Eclectic approach to therapy
Eysenck ¨ Personality testing should precede therapy ¨ Only scientifically demonstrated therapies
should be used (ie, behavior therapy okay, psychoanalysis not okay)
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OPENNESS CONSCIENTIOUSNESS EXTRAVERSION AGREEABLENESS NEUROTICISM
https ://www.y outube.c om/watc h?v =Ztc FOrhl7mw https ://www.y outube.c om/watc h?v =b9D6k 3T2s bE
"ocean"
The Big Five
openness
n original n imaginative n daring n has broad interests n aesthetically sensitive n needs variety n liberal in values
Conscientiousness
n careful n well-organized n punctual n ambitious n persevering
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Extraversion
n sociable n fun-loving n affectionate n Friendly n Active n Energetic n vigorous
Agreeableness
n forgiving n lenient n sympathetic n agreeable n Softhearted n Pleasant n Friendly n Accommodating n cooperative
Neuroticism
n worried n insecure n self-conscious n temperamental
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Take the big 5 test at home
n http://www.truity.com/test/big-five- personality-test