Course Reflection
AK47Transportation
Chapter 8 Hacker
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 Hacker
1
Global Business International Trade
Freight: Manufactured goods need to be transported from place to place.
Passenger: People need to travel for the sake of conducting business and people have more money as a result of improved economy to travel for leisure.
3 Key Factors:
Speed
Volume
Cost
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 Hacker
Generally,
Faster, more money
More volume, cheaper
Manufacturing being a global enterprise and trade occurring across many countries requires a means of transporting traded and manufactured goods.
To do this, goods are shipped via freight/water, road, and in high priority goods, air.
The movement of goods is the largest sector of the transportation industry. This sector has been developed to have standardized shipping containers that can easily transported with multiple modes without additional handling of the goods. This is called intermodal shipping.
What are some examples of the different 3 factor priorities? Speed? Volume? Cost?
2
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 Hacker
Environmental Impact
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 Hacker
Carbon Dioxide emissions from automobiles as of 2004 (right)
The US comprises most of the transportation chunk of greenhouse gases! US is only 5% of population. China is 20%
Transportation also accounts for 80% of urban air pollution.
Why is CO2 so bad?
The CO2 is warmer than the ambient air but can’t escape the atmosphere. This results in the atmosphere of the earth becoming warmer which affects ecosystems of the earth drastically. Droughts, higher sea level, different weather patterns, change in acidity of ocean, etc.
What if the question is not “How can we use energy that doesn’t produce green house gases?” but “How can we decrease our use of energy so that greenhouse gas emission is minimized?”
4
Individual Activity (15 min)
Consider Ellensburg and all of the modes of transportation that operate within.
Focus on one mode and construct a plan on how to make the system 0% dependent on oil.
Then modify your plan so that change in infrastructure and purchase of new equipment is minimized. What did you come up with?
Share with the people around you when finished.
Write all of your work down. Use the internet and your textbook.
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 Hacker
Transportation Systems
Water Vessels | Rail | Road | Air |
Screw Propulsion (Engine) Propulsion Pods (Electric) Water Jet Propulsion Hybrid (Diesel/ Gas, Engine/ Electric, Wind/ Engine) | Diesel Engine Electro-Diesel Hybrid Electric Magnetic Levitation | Internal Combustion Engine (Gasoline, Diesel, etc.) Electric | Engine (gasoline) driving propeller Turbojets (Kerosene) |
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 Hacker
Space | Other |
Rocket Propulsion Thrusters (When out of atmosphere) | Pipelines (Pump or gravitational) Bicycles (Human Powered) Hover Crafts (Engine) Escalators/ Conveyors/ Elevators (Electrical) |
Ships:
Screw and pod used for big freight ships and cruise ships.
Water jet used for personal vessels.
Hybrid used for economy ships to be more efficient.
Rail:
Maglev is purposely for high speed systems. The electric powered trains are mainly applied in low-volume passenger transport. The diesel and diesel electric are for freight trains carrying heavy loads of goods, replacing the steam locomotives originally designed for locomotive freight.
Road:
Buses, trucks, and heavy lifting usually used diesel and lower loads (cars) use gasoline.
Diesel is more expensive but is significantly more efficient than the gasoline engine. The tradeoff is favorable only when higher power for longer periods is needed.
Air:
For small aircraft the propeller system is sufficient. The propeller drives the plane forward.
For large commercial aircraft, turbojets are used because they have higher efficiencies and produce much more power from the fuel by not only burning the fuel but compressing it to high pressures, higher temperatures are reached, and the gas is allowed to expand and exit at high velocity producing thrust.
Split into groups and pick one to do a short presentation on. Then present the presentation like we did last week with half of the group circling the presentations and the other half presenting.
6
Alternative Fuels
Depleting oil reserves and increasing oil demand requires an alternative.
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 Hacker
The graph shows the EROI (Energy Return on Investment) which is the ratio of the obtained energy to the energy expended to obtain it.
The oil EROI has gone down because of the depletion of sources. Harder to get to sources have to be tapped now.
Not viable source if EROI is lower than one.
7
Biofuels
Processed bio-matter to produce oil or ethanol.
Low EROI
Availability is low (less than 10% of demand)
Drastic environmental and social effects (hunger, deforestation)
Can be grown and is renewable
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 Hacker
Biodiesel (vegetable oils mixed in with diesel fuels) and distilled organic ethanol
Cellulosic ethanol is produced from waste. Still under heavy research.
8
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Works like a battery but with the fluid being supplied from the outside.
Abundant, but hard to make into gas.
Hard to store gas once made.
Lack of infrastructure for hydrogen gas fueling stations (Only 48, 31 in California).
Typically 40-60% efficiency (85% max)
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 Hacker
Process of electrolysis. The hydrogen gas is split into ions while the broken off electrons are driven through a circuit by an electric charge. Powers an electric motor.
9
Electric Powered
Majority of electricity still comes from fossil fuel power plants.
Hybrid compromise.
Easy 80% efficiency.
Short range on batteries.
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 Hacker
Hybrids allow for significantly less fuel usage in the form of gasoline or diesel while removing vehicle range restrictions.
Regenerative braking is used to recapture kinetic energy lost to braking too recharge the electric motor.
Fully electric on the left, hybrid on the right.
10
Group Activity
Make a case for either biofuel, hydrogen fuel cell, or electric/hybrid technology as a replacement for oil fuel transportation systems.
Specify the resulting infrastructure development that would be needed.
Gather support from at least 4 sources.
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 Hacker