Health information
SandyRicou188
Strengthening Public Health and Primary Care Collaboration Through Electronic Health Records
Electronic health records
(EHRs) have great potential
to serve as a catalyst for
more effective coordina-
tion between public health
departments and primary
care providers (PCP) in
maintaining healthy com-
munities.
As a system for docu-
menting patient health data,
EHRs can be harnessed to
improve public health sur-
veillance for communica-
ble and chronic illnesses.
EHRs facilitate clinical alerts
informed by public health
goals that guide primary
care physicians in real time
in their diagnosis and treat-
ment of patients.
As health departments
reassess their public health
agendas, the use of EHRs to
facilitate this agenda in pri-
mary care settings should
be considered. PCPs and
EHR vendors, in turn, will
need to configure their EHR
systems and practice work-
flows to align with public
health priorities as these
agendas include increased
involvement of primary
care providers in addressing
public health concerns. (Am
J Public Health. 2012;102:
e13–e18. doi:10.2105/AJPH.
2012.301000)
Neil Calman, MD, Diane Hauser, MPA, Joseph Lurio, MD, Winfred Y. Wu, MD, MPH, and Michelle Pichardo, MPH
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS
(EHRs) have great potential to serve as a catalyst for more effec- tive coordination between public health departments and primary care providers in maintaining healthy communities. As promi- nent health risks to the community continue their shift from conta- gious diseases to chronic illnesses, public health departments are in- creasingly focused on conditions such as diabetes and obesity. At the same time, serious threats persist from traditional public health concerns, such as commu- nicable disease outbreaks.
Primary care providers, and particularly community health centers (CHCs), that provide care for low-income populations are on the front lines in treating and containing both communicable diseases and chronic illnesses that are more prevalent in these com- munities. Traditional models of primary care are also evolving, with increased focus on community- based approaches in response to changing financial incentives and formal recognition programs, such as the Patient-Centered Medical Home certification offered by the National Committee for Quality Assurance and the Joint Commis- sion.1,2 Use of these models is facilitated by the parallel increase in adoption of EHRs.
Federal incentive programs have been a proponent of EHR implementation and “meaningful use” of EHRs among primary care providers, with targeted funding to support their adoption among CHCs.3 The promotion of health information technology
to improve the public’s health is 1 of 5 focus areas for meaningful use of EHRs. Finally, 1 of the 3-part aims of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMMS) is the improvement of population health—a goal that will only be met through im- proved coordination of primary care and public health.4,5
In 2003, the potential for ad- dressing community health needs with the aid of EHR data exchange initiated a partnership between The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DOHMH) and The Institute for Family Health. Together, these organizations have developed, tested, implemented, and moni- tored the use of an EHR in meet- ing public health and primary care goals. NYC DOHMH is one of the world’s largest public health agencies, operating programs in disease control, environmental health, epidemiology, health care access, health promotion and disease prevention, and mental hygiene. It also makes public health-enabled EHRs available to over 2500 primary care providers throughout New York City as part of its Primary Care Information Project (PCIP).
The Institute for Family Health is a nonprofit organization that provides care to more than 80 000 patients in 26 federally qualified health center sites in New York City and New York State’s Mid- Hudson Valley. The Institute’s goal in establishing an EHR sys- tem was not only to enhance the quality of patient care in its own practices, but also to improve the
health of the communities it serves. Recognizing that the 2 organizations had parallel mis- sions to maintain healthy com- munities, the Institute and NYC DOHMH partnered in EHR data exchange initiatives to meet the shared goals of improving the surveillance and management of both communicable disease and chronic disease. Projects addressing these goals are de- scribed below.
IMPROVE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Syndromic surveillance, the practice of monitoring encounters for symptoms that may represent infectious diseases and other conditions of public health con- cern, can be facilitated by EHRs through automated data report- ing to public health departments. The Institute for Family Health partnered with NYC DOHMH to become one of the first ambula- tory settings to participate in syn- dromic surveillance.6 Routinely collected chief complaint infor- mation along with important de- mographic data from Institute patients are de-identified and transmitted to NYC DOHMH daily through a secure encrypted data transfer mechanism. Respi- ratory illness, fever, diarrhea, and vomiting are the key symp- toms monitored, with analysis to determine when the incidence of these syndromes exceeds ex- pected thresholds.
Figures 1 and 2 present the percentage of patient visits on
STRENGTHENING COLLABORATION THROUGH ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS
November 2012, Vol 102, No. 11 | American Journal of Public Health Calman et al. | Peer Reviewed | Strengthening Collaboration | e13
a daily and rolling weekly basis in which influenza-like illness (ILI) was the documented reason for visit at all of the Institute’s care
sites in New York City and the Mid-Hudson Valley (Upstate), re- spectively, during the H1N1 epi- demic. These data illustrate that
the peak in ILI visits at Upstate sites lagged the peak experienced in New York City sites by 5 months, which guided the Institute to
redistribute immunization re- sources well after the New York City peak. The ability to conduct this type of disease monitoring in real time has the potential to in- form primary care providers and public health departments of shifting needs during outbreaks. As increasing numbers of health care providers implement public health---enabled EHRs, public health departments have the potential to receive syndromic surveillance data that present a more comprehensive profile of the population.
Like many public health de- partments, NYC DOHMH moni- tors the incidence of disease through registries and required reporting of notifiable conditions, such as tuberculosis, by health care providers. Despite legal man- dates in most states, reporting rates for these conditions are not optimal.7,8 The Institute facil- itated public health reporting by creating alerts within its EHR that remind providers at the point of care that a particular diagnosis is reportable and provide a link to the reporting form. Patient demo- graphics are automatically popu- lated in the form to minimize providers’ time and effort in sub- mitting reports.
Institute data on immunization and lead screening, which must be submitted to the city’s public health registries, are automatically uploaded from the Institute’s EHR system to NYC DOHMH, elimi- nating the need for providers or staff to submit reports. Primary care providers can use registry data to look up immunization his- tories for patients in their prac- tices, potentially reducing both gaps and duplication in immuni- zation schedules.
Findings from epidemiological investigation by public health agencies can inform primary care
FIGURE 1—Percentage of patient visits at New York City sites for influenza-like illness (ILI): Institute for
Family Health, June 8–December 4, 2009.
FIGURE 2—Percentage of patient visits at New York State’s Mid-Hudson Valley sites for influenza-like
illness (ILI): Institute for Family Health, June 8–December 4, 2009.
STRENGTHENING COLLABORATION THROUGH ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS
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practices. This information trig- gers message distribution through channels such as the Health Alert Network in which nearly all large public health entities participate, and that may be delivered to the point of care through EHRs.9,10
The Institute and NYC DOHMH have tested and implemented point-of-care public health alerts for a variety of conditions. For example, New York City has issued messages about West Nile Virus detection through its Health Alert Network, which Institute staff programmed as alerts for their primary care providers, prompting them to consider this condition for patients presenting with fever and headache. In an- other example, a NYC DOHMH alert about increased cases of Legionella in a Bronx neighbor- hood prompted the Institute to create an alert to local providers to consider this condition in pa- tients with respiratory symptoms. An order set attached to the alert facilitated urine antigen testing that would otherwise have been unlikely. Such alerts can prompt primary care providers to take timely action to appropri- ately treat patients for emerging conditions.
Primary care providers can also be encouraged to take an active role in disease surveillance efforts. During a measles outbreak, Insti- tute providers treating patients with rash and fever responded to programmed prompts and col- lected specimens requested by NYC DOHMH at the time patients presented to the clinic. At the onset of the H1N1 epidemic in 2009, clinical alerts requested that providers at Institute sites collect viral specimens for a pilot surveillance project to determine the viral etiologies to respiratory illness in the community.11 Be- cause of the success of this alert,
the Institute has continued to provide community level samples for detecting ILI.
IMPROVE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE
Public health departments will need new tools and partners to address the growing epidemic of chronic disease. The functionality of EHRs can be expanded to em- power CHCs and other clinicians to provide better preventive and acute care through clinical deci- sion supports.12,13 Still, primary care providers are challenged to incorporate dozens of care guide- lines into practice. The finite re- sources available across the health care system make it critically im- portant to have a public health agenda that prioritizes services that have the greatest impact on health.1,14,15
Recognizing this need, NYC DOHMH launched the Take Care New York (TCNY) initiative in 2004.16 TCNY set an ambitious agenda to prioritize actions to help New York City improve health in 10 key areas, each of which causes significant illness and death but is amenable to intervention. NYC DOHMH established population-level tar- gets for each of these priority areas, which include 10 goals for all New Yorkers:
1. Have a regular doctor or other health care provider.
2. Be tobacco-free. 3. Keep your heart healthy. 4. Know your HIV status. 5. Get help for depression. 6. Live free of alcohol and drugs. 7. Get checked for cancer. 8. Get the immunizations that
you need. 9. Make your home safe and
healthy. 10. Have a healthy baby.
To integrate the TCNY agenda into its primary care efforts, the Institute collaborated with NYC DOHMH in developing a model clinical-decision support system at its practice sites that is orga- nized around these goals. Health department and Institute staff reviewed each goal in the context of medical evidence and practice guidelines. A logic model was created for each goal that incor- porated available EHR data and workflows, and also assessed feasibility and acceptability in practice. More than 40 alerts addressing TCNY goals are cur- rently programmed into the Insti- tute’s EHR. Mindful of issues such as “alert fatigue,”17 reminders were engineered to fit into clinical workflows and incorporated tools to facilitate adherence, such as drop-down order sets, documen- tation screens, links to patient education materials, and the op- tion to suppress the alert if the recommendation was not indi- cated for the patient.
Health screening recommenda- tions incorporated into many of the TCNY alerts often require care management and follow-up to improve health outcomes. As part of its health care quality program, the Institute has used EHR data to develop disease registries and reports that enable outreach workers and care managers to identify and contact patients who are overdue for a test, screening, or visit, or have a clinical measure that requires special attention. Another critical component of the TCNY partnership is a reporting system to monitor these measures at each practice site. A current report on all patients with docu- mented HIV test results, corre- sponding to TCNY Goal 4, is presented in Figure 3. This exam- ple is illustrative of the need to couple automated alerts with
a supportive health-care delivery system. Rates of HIV testing began improving markedly in 2011 as the Institute’s health centers began to incorporate on-site rapid test- ing, market related messages to patients, and redirect electronic alerts and order sets to nursing staff to encourage testing prior to the patient seeing the provider.
Alerts can also guide providers to public health resources to which they can refer patients. For example, the provider alert to address smoking, TCNY Goal 2, contains an embedded, prepopu- lated referral form for the Fax-to- Quit line operated by the New York State Department of Health. Other possibilities include refer- rals to free mammography and additional cancer screening pro- grams operated by publicly funded or other programs. This functionality is particularly perti- nent to CHCs that serve patients whose lack of insurance often creates barriers to health services. Public health programs should consider partnering with primary care providers to use EHRs to inform them of these types of community programs at the point of care.
EHR data can be used to iden- tify primary care patients at risk for developing certain chronic diseases or the sequelae of existing chronic conditions. Research has demonstrated that the data typi- cally stored in EHRs can be used to identify patients at high risk for certain diseases and that patient knowledge of increased risk of disease may motivate preventive behavior such as obtaining cancer screenings or vaccinations.18---20
The Institute has employed clini- cal data in the EHR to identify and reach out to patients at increased risk for disease, with initial pro- jects focused on colon cancer screening and diabetes.
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Another project uses patients’ demographic data to screen for Hepatitis B. Screening for Hepatitis B is not recommended for the general population; how- ever, screening is indicated for immigrants from certain countries where prevalence is high.21,22 Us- ing data on patients’ country of origin, which is part of an organi- zational initiative to collect patient data at the granular level, the In- stitute implemented an alert for Hepatitis B screening that prompts providers to order appropriate testing if the patient is from a country in which Hepatitis B is endemic but has not been tested or diagnosed with this condition. In the first 5 months after imple- mentation, the alert “fired” 32 515 times and resulted in the ordering of 785 Hepatitis B surface anti- gen tests, with 10 previously unknown cases of Hepatitis B identified. Early identification of chronic infectious diseases in pri- mary care practices can prevent adverse outcomes like cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Racial and ethnic disparities in health remain a persistent public health problem. Minimal progress in this area has been attributed, in part, to a lack of standardized demographic data in health care settings that can identify gaps and point toward best practices for eliminating disparities.23---26 Re- cent federal health care reform and health information technology legislation call for health care providers to collect data on pa- tients’ race, ethnicity, and lan- guage as part of health system change, and lays the foundation for identifying and addressing health disparities throughout the health care system.3,27 EHRs can become powerful tools in these efforts when they enable health quality data to be monitored via patient demographics at the gran- ular level.
The Institute has documented patients’ race, ethnicity, and preferred language for health care in its EHR system since its implementation in 2002, with a recent expansion of demographic
data collection based on recom- mendations from The Institute of Medicine.28 These data enable the Institute to monitor care pro- cesses and outcomes for patients in particular racial and ethnic groups. Progress reports on TCNY measures are run by patient race and ethnicity, as are disease registries and other clinical reports. Disparities iden- tified in the HbA1c levels of Institute patients with diabetes spurred the development of an enhanced diabetes-care model that incorporates outreach and care management for patients with clinical indicators outside of the recommended range, who are more likely to be of minority race or ethnicity. Documenting granu- lar health data is the first step in identifying gaps in care for which both front line providers and public health agencies can then marshal resources to identify individuals and groups experi- encing barriers to high-quality primary care and to target public health education campaigns.
REVIEW
Multiple sources of health data can inform the priorities and actions of public health departments, pri- mary care providers, individuals, and communities, when appropri- ately analyzed and coordinated. EHRs can form the hub of infor- mation exchange as primary care providers document illnesses that can be uploaded to public health departments to monitor disease and inform point-of-care decisions about treatment through provision of relevant public health informa- tion. Public health departments can use aggregated EHR data, along with other sources of data, to prioritize community interven- tions and public health messages, as well as recommendations for primary care screenings and treatment. Individuals and com- munities make daily decisions about their health and lifestyles that are reported to their primary care providers and to public
health departments through
community surveys and assess-
ments. EHRs can help public
health departments and primary
care providers efficiently coordi-
nate their priorities to ensure that
patients and communities receive
consistent, high-impact health
messages. Data from one point
on the hub can inform action on
another point, forming a commu-
nity health information ecosys-
tem that fosters coordination
of data and health promotion
activities. Figure 4 diagrams the
potential flow of information be-
tween stakeholders. Although the partners in the
initiatives described herein were successful in integrating public health and primary care function- ality, there are currently several challenges to expanding these col- laborations more broadly. First,
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FIGURE 3—Institute for Family Health office visits in which patients aged 18 years and older have
documented HIV test result or self-reported HIV status: 2009–2011.
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adoption of EHRs among primary care providers is growing yet lim- ited. Roughly 25% of office-based physicians in the United States have a basic EHR system and another 10% have a fully func- tional EHR system.29 Furthermore, there are many EHR systems in existence today, and this variability can make it difficult for public health agencies to engage with multiple primary care partners and ensure that key communities are represented in health partnerships. Standards for the coding and transmission of public health data by EHRs are in development, but many such standards have yet to be developed and others have not been broadly adopted by the EHR vendor community and by public health departments. Limited re- sources constrain the ability of public health agencies and primary care providers to collaborate and innovate.
CONCLUSIONS
Public health departments and primary care providers must integrate their efforts in the de- velopment of electronic health re- cords if the United States is going to successfully move from a health care system that is based on vol- ume of services to that which is focused on maintaining healthy communities. Primary care pro- viders, as “deputized public health officers,” have the ability to act as the eyes of the health department in the community. They are made more efficient and effective in this role when supported by public health---enabled electronic health records.
Primary care providers, particu- larly CHCs, rely on public health departments to provide the ex- pert guidance and situational awareness that facilitates effective health care delivery. EHRs provide
a mechanism for health depart- ments to deliver such guidance in real time, as providers make care decisions. As public health depart- ments develop new guidelines and priorities for improving population health, it will be important to con- sider how they can be facilitated by EHRs in primary care settings. Primary care providers and EHR vendors, in turn, will need to con- figure their EHR systems to align with public health priorities. In this time of rapid health information technology advancement and health care realignment, it is critical that public health departments and primary care providers jointly plan how to harness the power of EHRs and achieve the benefits of integration. j
About the Authors Neil Calman, Diane Hauser, Joseph Lurio, and Michelle Pichardo are with The Institute for Family Health, New York, NY. Winfred Y. Wu is with the New York
City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY. Correspondence should be sent to Diane
Hauser, Senior Associate, The Institute for Family Health Program Development/ Research, 16 East 16th Street, New York, NY 10003 (e-mail: dhauser@institute2000. org). Reprints can be ordered at http://www. ajph.org by clicking the “Reprints” link.
This article was accepted July 20, 2012.
Contributors N. Calman and D. Hauser conceptualized the essay and were responsible for its completion in coordination with all coauthors. All authors contributed intellectual content and participated in the revision and editing of the essay.
Acknowledgments The projects described in this article were supported by several federal agencies, including The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (grant P01 HK000029), the Health Resources and Services Ad- ministration (grant H2LCS18144), and The Department of Homeland Security (grant 2009-OH-091-ES0001).
The authors would like to acknowl- edge the work of many colleagues at The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and The Institute for Family Health who have been integral to the successful collaboration of the 2 organizations, as well colleagues at the Columbia University Department of Biomedical Informatics who have pro- vided and continue to provide expert guidance.
Human Participant Protection Institutional review board approval was received for projects described in the manuscript that involved human research subjects.
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FIGURE 4—Exchange of health data between public health, primary care, individuals, and communities.
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