Ashley Claire Only
sisterkekeIndivusialism
B. Specific Example:
Andreas Vesalius published a set of books in 1543 called On the Structure of the Human Body. He observed and redraw the human body. Past anatomist’s observations which were sometimes based on apes and not humans. He focused completely on the human form correcting past observations.
Secularism
A. Specific Example:
- Galileo’s Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems, published in 1932, states his theories and finding in his area of studies including Astronomy.3 In his work he supports the Copernican Theory which was against the church’s views at the time. For publishing the work he was put on trial for treason in 1633 and found guilty. This conflict between the church and Galileo showed the power of the church and inspired the idea of secularism.
“In the sciences, the authority of thousands of opinions is not worth as much as one tiny spark of reason in an individual man.”
B. Specific Example
Thomas Moore’s Utopia illustrates secularism7 as it criticizes European priests and the power they have. The priests in the land of utopia preach to multiple religions. They maintain the religious centers, educate the children, and praise good behavior while criticizing bad. The priests hold the highest power in the land.
“But preachers, like the crafty fellows they are, have found that men would rather not change their lives to fit Christ's rule, and so [...] they have adjusted [Christ's] teaching to the way men live”
C. Specific Example
Dante’s Inferno shows secular options on what the Catholic Church should have control
over .10 &11 Dante accuses the popes, as they are being punish for in hell, of overusing there power by corruption and lust. Dante believes that the Church should avoid involvement in the temporal affairs of man, and stick to the spiritual.
“Hell is composed of nine circles and each one is home to a different kind of sinner.”
Rationalism
It is the principle or habit of accepting reason as the supreme authority in matters of opinion, belief, or conduct.
A. Specific Example
- Descartes book, Principles of Philosophy, illustrates rationalism9.
“I suppose therefore that all things I see are illusions; I believe that nothing has ever existed of everything my lying memory tells me. I think I have no senses. I believe that body, shape, extension, motion, location are functions. What is there then that can be taken as true? Perhaps only this one thing, that nothing at all is certain.”
He believes some ideas come from God but others are based from personal experiences.
B. Specific Example
Baruch De Spinoza was a rationalist philosopher who talks about his idea of rationalism in Ethics, published in, which states that God is the same as nature. He is against the Church’s idea of viewing the world in terms of a divine power aiding or punishing human events, but that reason is the only way to know God.
“The highest activity a human being can attain is learning for understanding, because to understand is to be free.”
C. Specific Example
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Monadology builts on to idea of rationalism
“This is why the ultimate reason of things must lie in a necessary substance, in which the differentiation of the changes only exists eminently as in their source; and this is what we call God. “
Leibniz argues that, insofar as the rational soul or spirit can know eternal truths and can act according to reason, it can reflect God. The spiritual world is a moral world, which can guide the natural world.
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Dante, The Divine Comedy Volume 1: Inferno, New York: Penguin Putman Inc., 2003
Donne, John. Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. Kingdom of England: The University of
Adelaide, 1624.
Galileo Publishes Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems, 1632, Historic World
Events. Detroit: Gale, 2012. World History in Context. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.
Vesalius, Andreas, De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem. Padua: School of Medicine,
1543.
Conclusion
The renaissance influenced more and more people to think outside the fact of religion and even made some question “is it really real?” The poems and stories during the Middle Ages taught them religion, however people started to realize there was something more besides religion during the Renaissance. Renaissance writers embraced the ideas of human worth and the power of the individual and started to study the world around them. Rationalists wrote about how “reason” just a powerful as religion. Reason was a way to really get to know how god wanted things to be ran. The people of the renaissance, choose reason over religion proving rationalism. Others seen religion, like the Catholic Church, had gain too much power over man and controlled more than necessary for spiritual fulfillment. Church leaders were These studies have led to discoveries and breakthroughs all the way up to modern society. The ideas of individualism, secularism, and humanism are some key concepts of Renaissance as illustrated by most writers of the Renaissance period.
Secondary sources
Anatomy, Andrew Wear. Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Ed. Paul F. Grendler. New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2000.World History in Context. Web. 28 Mar.
2016.
Descartes, René, L.J. Beck., New Catholic Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale,
2003. 677-683. World History in Context. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.
Garrison, Andreas Vesalius and Daniel H. Vesalius: The China Root Epistle. United Kingdom:
Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Immanuel Kant, Paul Guyer, and Allen W. Wood. Critique of Pure Reason . United Kingdom:
Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Individualism, Charles Trinkaus, Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Ed. Paul F. Grendler.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2000. World History in Context. Web. 16
Mar. 2016.
James Wyatt Cook, Encyclopedia of Renaissance Literature, (New York: Facts on
File Inc., 2006) p.
Nicole Smith. “Renaissance Ideas as Reflected in Shakespeare’s Much Ado About
Nothing”. Articlemyriad. Dec 6, 2011. http://www.articlemyriad.com/renaissance-
Much-ado-about-nothing.
Petrarch, Aldo S Bernardo, Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Ed. Joseph R. Strayer. New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989. World History in Context. Web. 16 Mar.
2016
Renaissance: Influence and Interpretations. Renaissance, Paul F. Grendler, An
Encyclopedia for Students. Ed. Vol. 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. 29-36. World
History in Context, Web. 25 Mar, 2016.