need study guide completed
schkia
1
Ergonomics
Fitting the job to the worker
Ergonomic risk factors
Repetitive motion
Forceful motion
Awkward posture
Static posture
Mechanical stress
Vibration and cold
Effects of ergonomic risk factors
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
Upper extremities
Lower back
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Tendinitis
Carpet layer’s knee
Low back pain
EHST 3060/61:
Environmental Issues in
Construction
Lunch atop a Skyscraper (September 20, 1932 on the 69th floor of the RCA Building)
To identify specific safety hazards in
construction
To discuss the adverse effects of these safety
hazards
To enumerate the tasks involved with
exposure to safety hazards
To enumerate control strategies for safety
hazard exposure
Safety hazards in construction
Adverse effects of safety hazards
Construction tasks associated with safety
hazards
Control strategies to prevent exposure to
safety hazards
2
Health hazards
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Ergonomic
Safety hazards
Unsafe act
Unsafe condition
Occupational
Disease
Occupational
Injury
Failure to use PPE
Failure to heed warning
Failure to secure
Operating without authority
Operating at improper speed
Making safety devices inoperable
Using defective equipment
Using equipment improperly
Improper loading or placement
Improper lifting
Servicing equipment in motion
Substandard housekeeping
Inadequate guard or protection
Defective tools, equipment, substances
Congestion
Inadequate warning system
Fire and explosion hazards
Hazardous atmospheric conditions: gases, dusts, fumes, vapors
Excessive noise
Radiation exposures
Inadequate ventilation or illumination
That occurrence in a sequence of events that
produces unintended injury, death or
property damage
An undesired event that may cause personal
harm or other damage
An accident which arises out of and in the
course of employment
Any injury or occupational illness suffered
by a person which arises out of or in the
course of his/her employment
Damage to the body caused by exchanges
with environmental energy that are
beyond the body’s resilience
Occurs as a result of interaction between
an agent (energy) and the host
(individual) within the environment
Near Miss
A “near” accident
An incident resulting in neither injury
nor property damage
Has the potential to inflict injury or
property damage if the cause is not
corrected
Forecasts about 75% of industrial
injuries (HW Heinrich, 1931)
3
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Dept of Labor, Oct 2010 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Dept of Labor, Oct 2010
3.8
5.2
3.9
4.8
3.1
1.5
2011
4.7
4.3
3.7
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cfoi.pdf
Event Number
Total fatalities 1,234
Falls 445
Transportation incidents 287
Highway incidents 148
Nonhighway incidents 45
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment 78
Contact with objects & equipment 267
Struck by object 150
Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials 71
Exposure to harmful substances and environments
170
Contact with electric current 122
http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/tables/sh20060519ar01t1.htm
Occupation Fatalities per 100,000
Timber cutters 117.8
Fishers 71.1
Pilots and navigators 69.8
Structural metal workers 58.2
Drivers, sales workers 37.9
Roofers 37.0
Electrical power installers 32.5
Farm occupations 28.0
Construction laborers 27.7
Truck drivers 25.0 Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics; survey of occupations with minimum 30 fatalities and 45,000
workers in 2002
The fatal injury rate for the construction
industry is higher than the national average
in this category for all industries.
Potential hazards for workers in construction
include:
Falls (from heights)
Trench collapse
Scaffold collapse
Electric shock and arc flash/arc blast
Failure to use proper personal protective
equipment
Repetitive motion injuries
4
1. Scaffolding
2. Fall protection (scope, application, definitions)
3. Excavations (general requirements)
4. Ladders
5. Head protection
6. Excavations (requirements for protective systems)
7. Hazard communication
8. Fall protection (training requirements)
9. Construction (general safety and health
provisions)
10. Electrical (wiring methods, design and protection)
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Hazard
When scaffolds are not
erected or used properly, fall
hazards can occur.
~2.3 million construction
workers frequently work on
scaffolds.
Protecting these workers
from scaffold-related
accidents would prevent
each year
~4,500 injuries
50 fatalities
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Employees working on scaffolds are
exposed to these hazards:
Falls from elevation – caused by
slipping, unsafe access, and the
lack of fall protection
Struck by falling tools / debris
Electrocution – from overhead
power lines
Scaffold collapse - caused by
instability or overloading
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions
Scaffolds must be sound, rigid and sufficient
to carry its own weight plus four times the
maximum intended load without settling or
displacement.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions
Scaffolds must be erected on solid footing.
Unstable objects must not be used to support
scaffolds or planks.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions
Scaffold must not be erected, moved,
dismantled or altered except under the
supervision of a competent person.
Scaffold must be equipped with guardrails,
midrails and toeboards.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
5
Solutions
Scaffold accessories that are damaged or
weakened from any cause must be
immediately repaired or replaced.
Scaffold platforms must be tightly planked
with scaffold plank grade material or
equivalent.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions
Synthetic and natural rope used in
suspension scaffolding must be protected
from heat-producing sources.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions
Scaffolds must be at least 10 feet from
electric power lines at all times.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Hazard
Falls consistently account for the greatest
number of fatalities in the construction
industry each year.
Factors often involved in falls:
Unstable working surfaces
Misuse or failure to use fall protection
equipment
Human error
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Use of aerial lift Guardrail system near
edges of floors and roofs
Covering floor holes
Safety net system Personal fall arrest system
Using guardrails, fall arrest systems, safety
nets, covers and restraint systems can
prevent many deaths and injuries from falls.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
6
http://ohsonline.com/articles/2012/02/08/workers-80foot-fall-leads-to-contractors-74500-fine.aspx?sc_lang=en
http://www.osha.gov/stopfalls/index.html
• Plan
• Provide
• Train
Hazard
Trench collapses
(cave-in) cause
dozens of fatalities
and hundreds of
injuries each year.
Trenching deaths
rose in 2003.
OSHA, 2005
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
7
Solutions
Never enter an unprotected trench.
Trenches 5 feet deep or greater Always
use a protective system.
Trenches 20 feet deep or greater Employ a
registered professional engineer
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Sloping
Shoring
Shielding
Details on protective systems: OSHA v-Tool - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFYkeT0Yk6k
Solutions
Always provide a way to
exit a trench no more
than 25 feet of travel
for employees in the
trench.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions
Have trenches inspected by a
competent person
Prior to entry
After any hazard-increasing
event (i.e. rainstorm)
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Hazard
OSHA estimates per year due to
falls on stairways and ladders
used in construction
24,882 injuries
36 fatalities
Nearly half of these injuries
were serious enough to require
time off the job.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
8
Solutions
Use the correct ladder for the task.
Have a competent person visually
inspect a ladder before use for any
defects such as:
Structural damage
Grease, dirt or other contaminants
that could cause slips or falls
Paint or stickers (except warning
labels) that could hide possible
defects
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions
Make sure that ladders are
long enough to safely
reach the work area.
Mark or tag (“Do Not Use”)
damaged or defective
ladders for repair or
replacement, or destroy
them immediately.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions:
Check the ladder’s capacity!
Never load ladders beyond
the maximum intended load
or manufacturer’s rated
capacity.
Be sure the load rating can
support the weight of the
user (+ materials and tools).
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions
Avoid using ladders with metallic
components near electrical work and
overhead power lines.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions
Stairway treads and walkways must be free of
dangerous objects, debris and materials.
Slippery conditions on stairways and
walkways must be corrected immediately.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions
Make sure that treads cover the entire step
and landing.
Stairways having four or more risers or rising
more than 30 inches must have at least one
handrail.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
9
Objects falling from above
Bumping their heads from
fixed objects
Accidental head contact with
electrical hazards.
Hazard:
Serious head injuries can result from blows
to the head.
Solution:
Be sure that workers wear hard hats where
there is a potential for:
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Hazard
Failure to recognize the hazards
associated with chemicals can cause
Chemical burns
Respiratory problems
Fires
Explosions
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions: MSDS
Maintain a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
for each chemical in the facility.
Make information accessible to employees at
all times in understandable language
Train employees on how to read and use the
MSDS.
Follow MSDS instructions for handling
hazardous chemicals.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions: Spill Plan
Provide spill clean-up kits in areas where
chemicals are stored.
Train employees to clean up spills, protect
themselves and properly dispose of used
materials.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Solutions
Provide proper personal protective
equipment and enforce its use.
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Falls
Caught-in or –between
Struck-by
Electrocution
http://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction/focus_four/index.html
10
Involves hazardous moving parts of power
tools and equipment
Hazardous location of workers between
moving materials and an immovable
structure, vehicle, or stacked materials
Should always be used when using equipment
with hazardous moving parts
Worker training on its safe use
Source: OSHA Region IV National Photo Archive
Do not stay in between moving materials and
an immovable structure, vehicle, or stacked
materials
Source: Indian River Community (now State) College
Source: Indian River Community (now State) College
Ground-Fault Protection on Construction
Sites
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3007
11
Powered Industrial Truck Operator Training
for Construction
http://www.osha.gov/dte/library/pit/constr
uction_pc.html
Struck by
Striking against
Caught in, on, between
Fall from above
Fall at ground level
Strain or overexertion Contact with hazardous
agents
Foreign body in the eye
Injury
Death
Damage
Delay or interruption
Deaths
Injuries
Back injuries, strains, sprains, fractures,
puncture, wounds, lacerations, abrasions and
contusions, hernias, eye injuries
Damage
Materials, building, equipment/ machinery,
tools
Delay or interruption
Production, service
How many hazards can you see in the image of a construction site?
12
http://www.osha.gov/dts/vtools/construction.html
Construction Safety: Choice or Chance (15
min)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUZeA6ic
7fw
Trench safety
Signalman/driver safety
Crane safety
Fall protection
Crane safety
Hazards in crane operation
Crane loads
Crane control and operation
Rope, chain and hook inspection
Electrical and transmission lines
Forklift safety
Hazards in forklift operation
Training of operators
Do’s and don’t’s before and
while driving the forklift
Forklift load handling
Aug. 2010: OSHA Final Rule will apply to
demolition and underground construction.
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-08-
17/html/2012-20171.htm
29 CFR 1926 Subpart CC: Cranes & Derricks in
Construction
The Synergist (AIHA Magazine), Nov 2013
Contact with overhead powerlines
Most common cause of crane-related fatalities
from 1992-2006
Activity of Construction Workers Electrocuted by Overhead Power
Lines, 1992-2006
Contact with Overhead Power Lines No. % of Total
Worker on foot touching/ guiding load or cables 40 39%
Operating crane* 32 31%
Worker on foot touching crane 19 19%
Other** 11 11%
Total 102 100%
* Includes 7 deaths of operators who jumped from crane
** Includes 6 deaths of workers on foot near crane
Sources: US Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Research File
Preventive measures
Assess the hazard
Eliminate the hazard
Keep your distance
Warning line or barricade
Proximity alarm
Dedicated spotter
Range control warning device
Range of motion-limiting device
Insulating links
Insulated sleeves
Boom-cage guard
Source: AIHA Synergist, November 2013, pp. 28-30
13
Source: http://www.osha.gov/as/opa/quick takes/qt01152013.html#10
Full news release: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/ owadisp.show_document?p_table=N EWS_RELEASES&p_id=23478
Safety hazards
Unsafe acts
Unsafe conditions
Frequent citations in construction
Scaffolding
Fall protection
Trenching
Ladders and stairways
Head protection
Hazard communication
Other safety issues
Electrical safety
Vehicle safety