Two online courses 9 WEEKS OF WORK
CollegeDummy
Notes
Chapter I Introduction
1. Gernot Bohme, EinfUhrung in die Philosophie. Weltweisheit, Lebensform, Wissenschaft, (Frankfurt am Main, 1997).
2. Cf. Gernot Bohme, Der Typ Sokrates (Frankfurt am Main, 1998). 3. Bohme, Einfiihrung in die Philosoph ie, ch. ILL 4. Karl-Otto Apel, Towards a Transformation of Philosophy, trans. Glyn
Adey and David Frisby (London, 1980). 5. Karl-Otto Apel, Diskurs und Verantwortung. Das Problem des Ubergangs
zur postkonventionellen Moral (Frankfurt am Main, 1990). 6. Jtirgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms. Contributions to a Dis
course Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, 1996).
7. Lawrence Kohlberg and Richard B. Kramer, 'Continuities and discon tinuities in child and adult moral development', Human Development 12 (1969), pp. 93-120.
8. Ernst Tugendhat, Vorlesungen iiber Ethik (Frankfurt am Main, 1993). 9. Plato, Protagoras, 352a, b.
10. Plato, Gorgias, 470ff. Cf. my interpretation in 'Sokrates und der Tyr ann', in Der Typ Sokrates.
11. Hans Kramer, Integrative Ethik (Frankfurt am Main, 1992). 12. The most dialectically advanced attempt to reconcile happiness and
morality is undoubtedly that of Martin Seel in his book Versuch iiber die Form des Gliicks (Frankfurt am Main, 1995). But it succeeds only if one makes an assumption which I do not share: that morality is concerned in any way with happiness.
13. Forum ftir Philosophie Bad Homburg (eds), Zerstorung des moralischen Selbstbewusstseins: Chance oder Gefiihrdung? (Frankfurt am Main, 1988), p. 16.
14. Ibid., p. 105 (trans. E.J.).
168 Notes to pp. 7-36
15. Ibid., p. 103 (trans. E.J.). 16. Ernst Tugendhat, ibid., p. 350. 17. Ibid., p. 156 (trans. E.J.). 18. It was initiated by Alasdair MacIntyre's book After Virtue (Notre
Dame, IN, 1981). It says much about the success of this rehabilitation that a German television presenter, Ulrich Wickert, has been able to put a 'book of virtues' (Das Buch der Tugenden, Hamburg, 1995) on the market.
19. Gadamer sometimes translates arete into German as Bestheit. Hans Georg Gadamer, 1st Ethik lehrbar? Vortrag 1995 (Heidelberg, 1995).
20. Sophocles, Antigone, 332ff. (2nd chorus). 21. Cf. Ruthard Stablein, Hoflichkeit. Tugend oder schOner Schein (Biihl
Moos, 1993). 22. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford,
and Cambridge, MA, 1994). 23. Richard Rorty's revalorization of this form of solidarity is noteworthy:
Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge, 1989). 24. Hans Kramer, Integrative Ethik (Frankfurt am Main, 1992), p. 280. 25. Carol Gilligan, In A Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's
Development (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1982).
Chapter 2 The Context of Moral Living and Argumentation
1. Immanuel Kant, The Conflict of the Faculties, trans. Mary J. Gregor (Lincoln, NB, and London, 1992), section 2.
2. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (London, 1985).
3. Immanuel Kant, 'An Answer to the Question: What is Enlighten ment?', in James Schmidt (ed.), What is Enlightenment? Eighteenth Century Answers and Twentieth-Centurtj Questions, trans. James Schmidt (Berkeley, CA, and London, 1996), pp. 58-64.
4. Jiirgen Habermas, 'Technology and Science as "Ideology"', in J. Habermas, Towards a Rational Society, trans. J. Shapiro (Cambridge, 1987).
5. Robert K. Merton, On Social Structure and Science (Chicago and Lon don, 1996).
6. Stephen Box and Stephen Cotgrove, 'Scientific identity, occupational selections and role strain', British Journal of SociologJj 17 (1966), pp. 20-8.
7. Gerhard Schweppenhauser, Ethik nach Auschwitz. Adornos negative Moralphilosophie (Hamburg, 1993).
8. Theodor W. Adorno, Notes to Literature, trans. Shierry Weber Nichol sen (New York, 1991-2).
9. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, trans. E. B. Ashton (London, 1990). 10. Who included only three women.
Notes to pp. 37-5 1 169
11. On the Jenninger case see Armin Laschet and Heinz Malangre (eds), Philipp Jenninger. Rede lind Reaktion (Aachen, 1989).
12. Dorte von Westernhagen, Die Kinder der Titter. Das Dritte Reich lind die Generation danach (Munich, 1987).
13. Norbert Elias, The Loneliness of the Dying, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1985).
14. Cf. Hermann Diels, Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers. A Complete Translation of the Fragments in Diels's 'Fragmente der Vorsokratiker', trans. Kathleen Freeman (Oxford, 1948), p. 147.
15. Translated from Ruth Kluger, Weiler leben. Eine Jugend (Munich, 1995), p. 34.
16. Ka-Tzetnik 135633, Shivitti - Eine Vision (Munich, 1992), p. 84. 17. Louis Begley, Wartime Lies (London, 1992). 18. Cf. Victor Klemperer, I Shall Bear Witness. The Diaries of Victor
Klemperer 1942-1945, abridged and trans. Martin Chalmers (London, 1998).
19. Ka-Tzetnik, 135633, Shivitti, p. 69 (trans. E.J.). 20. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem. A Report on the Banality of Evil
(Harmondsworth, 1979). 21. Ibid., p. 276. 22. Ibid., pp. 25-6. 23. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority. An Experimental View (Lon-
don, 1997). 24. Ibid., p. 6. 25. Ibid., pp. 20-1. 26. Ibid., p. 23. 27. Compare Jean-Paul Sartre's account of physical love as an interplay
of sadism and masochism, in Being and Nothingness, trans. Hazel E. Barnes (London, 1957).
28. Sigmund Freud, Thoughts for the Times on War and Death, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, trans. under the general editorship of James Strachey, vol. XIV (Lon don, 1957), pp. 275-300. Sigmund Freud, Civilisation and Its Discon tents, in ibid, vol. XXI (1961), pp. 64-145.
29. Quoted from Walther Hofer (ed.), Der Nationalsozialismlls. Dokumente 1933-1945, (Frankfurt am Main, 1957), p. 114.
30. Cf. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerllsalem. 31. Max Scheler, Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik.
Neller Versueh der Grundlegung eines ethischen Personalism us (Munich, 1966); Nicolai Hartmann, Ethik (Berlin, 1926).
32. Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression, trans. Marjorie Latzke (London, 1996). 33. Ibid., ch. 13, 'Ecce homo'. 34. Claude Levi-Strauss, Totemism, trans. Rodney Needham (Harmonds
worth, 1973); 'Totem and caste', in The Savage Mind (London, 1974). 35. Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo (London, 1983). 36. On Bataille's theory of prohibition and transgression, see Rita Bischof,
170 Notes to pp. 51-72
Souveranitiit und Subversion. Georges Batailles Theorie der Moderne (Munich, 1984).
37. Hans Kramer, Integrative Ethik (Frankfurt am Main, 1992), p. 280. 38. Hauke Brunkhorst, 'Wider den Tugendboom. Recht und Moral
stUtzen sich nur, wenn man sie trennt', in Frankfurter Rundschau, 25 November 1995. Brunkhorst's use of the phrase 'solidarity towards friends' is probably directed critically against Richard Rorty, Contin gency, Irony, and Solidarity.
39. The term was coined by Jiirgen Habermas. For a more detailed analysis of the project of modernity in terms of four dimensions (nature, science, humanity, society), see Gernot Bohme, Einftihrung in die Philosophie. Weltweisheit, Lebensform, Wissenschaft (Frankfurt am Main, 1994; 2nd edn 1997).
40. The tenth commandment. The seventh and eighth commandments also relate to property.
41. Jiirgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Twelve Lectures, trans. Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge, 1987).
42. Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 11 December 1948. 43. Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und GrundJreiheiten. Vom 4.
November 1950; translated from Grundgesetz (Munich, 1994). 44. Ibid. 45. Basic Law, Art. 1, clause 2. 46. Especially if the additional protocols are added. These are also printed
in Grundgesetz. 47. Extract in Wolfgang Heidelmeyer, Die Menschenrechte (Paderborn,
1972) (trans. E.J.). 48. Karl-Otto Apel, Towards a Transformation of Philosophy, trans. Glyn
Adey and David Frisby (London, 1980). 49. Jiirgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms. Contributions to a Discourse
Theon) of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, 1996). 50. On this problem, see e.g. Karl F. Bertram, Das Widerstandsrecht des
Grundgesetzes, (Berlin, 1970). 51. Ernst Tugendhat seeks to legitimize the state on the basis of social
human rights, seeing it as necessary to their observance. Tugendhat, Vorlesungen tiber Ethik (Frankfurt am Main, 1993), p. 350.
52. It was somewhat different in the 'New World', where the state was not automatically presupposed as existing (Otto Vossler, 'Studien zur Erklarung der Menschenrechte', Historische Zeitschrift 142 (1930), pp. 515-45, esp. p. 529). See also the Bill of Rights of Virginia of 12 June 1776.
53. 6. Zusatzprotokoll zur Konvention der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten, Art. 2. See Grundgesetz, p. 99.
54. Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen (eds), The Quality of Life (Oxford, 1993).
Chapter 3 The Moral Life
Notes to pp. 76- 102 17 1
1. In connection with what follows, d. my article, 'Humanity and resistance', Thesis Eleven 28 (1991), pp. 70-85.
2. Ernst Tugendhat, Vorlesungen uber Ethik (Frankfurt am Main, 1993), p. 336.
3. Ruth KlUger, Weiter leben. Eine Iugend (Munich, 1995), pp. 133ff. 4. Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberrtj Finn (New York and London,
1999). 5. Rita Bischof, Souveriinitat und Subversion. Georges Batailles Theorie der
Moderne (Munich, 1984). 6. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. John Macquarrie and
Edward Robinson (Oxford, 1967), p. 330. 7. Ibid. 8. German: gelingendes Leben - a standard term for the goal of ethics. 9. Cf. the well-known book by Paul Watzlawick, The Situation Is Hopeless,
But Not Serious: The Pursuit of Unhappiness (New York and London, 1983).
10. On the interpretation of the Hippias Minor, see my book Der Typ Sokrates (Frankfurt am Main, 1988).
11. Plato, Protagoras and Meno, trans. W. K. C. Guthrie (Harmondsworth, 1977), p. 88.
12. Albert Camus, The Rebel, trans. Anthony Bower (Harmondsworth, 1990).
13. Gottfried Benn, Der Ptolomiier, in Gesammelte Werke, vol. 2, ed. Dieter Wellershoff (Wiesbaden, 1959), p. 232 (trans. E.J.).
14. Gernot Bohme, 'Leibsein als Aufgabe', in Klaus Michael Meyer-Abich and Wolfgang Krohn (eds), Festschrift fUr Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsiicker zum 80. Geburtstag (Munich, 1996).
15. Emmanuel Levinas, Ethics and Alterity, trans. Richard A. Cohen (Pitts burgh, 1985), p. 69.
16. Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Moscow, 1967), pp. 40££.
17. Cypora Gutnic, 'Frauen in Auschwitz. Gespriich mit Pierre Michel Klein', in Ruthard Stiiblein (ed.), Mut. Wiederentdeckung einer person lichen Kategorie (Darmstadt, 1993), p. 266.
18. Gernot Bohme, 'Lebensgestalt und Zeitgeschichte', BIOS. Zeitschrift fUr Biographieforschung und Oral History (1990), pp. 135-51.
19. Immanuel Kant: 'For the empirical consciousness . . . is by itself dispersed and without relation to the identity of the subject.' Critique of Pure Reason, trans. Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood (Cambridge, 1997), p. 247 (B133).
20. Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture, trans. R. F. C Hull (London, 1971).
21. Ibid., p. 26.
172 Notes to pp. 102-24
22. Ibid. 23. Ibid., p. 28. 24. Friedrich Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man. In a Series of
Letters, trans. Reginald Schnell (Bristol, 1994). 25. Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man, p. 600. 26. S0ren Kierkegaard, Either/Or, trans. H. V. and E. H. Hong (Princeton,
1987). 27. S0ren Kierkegaard, The Concept of Dread, trans. Walter Lowrie (Prince
ton, 1957), pp. 123 ff. 28. For a closer analysis see Chapter III, 3, 'Existenzphilosophie' in my
introduction to philosophy EinfUhrung in die Philosophie. Weltweisheit, Lebensform, Wissenschaft (Frankfurt am Main, 1997).
29. The point at issue is being-human-well. Both expressions have their drawbacks: 'how well one is human' seems to presuppose a human essence; 'what kind of a person one is' seems to refer to qualities or predicates. In reality, what one is develops out of how one is.
30. Hans Jonas, The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age, trans. H. Jonas and D. Herr (Chicago and London, 1984).
31. The Holy Bible (Authorized King James Version).
Chapter 4 Moral Argumentation
1. Garrett Hardin and John Baden (eds), Managing the Commons (San Francisco, 1977).
2. Immanuel Kant, Critique of the Power of Judgement, trans. Paul Guyer and Eric Matthews (Cambridge, 2000), §42.
3. Albert Schweitzer, The Teaching of Reverence for Life (London, 1966). 4. On the beginnings of animal protection legislation see Peter Singer,
Animal Liberation. A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals (New York, 1975), pp. 212ff.
5. Klaus M. Meyer-Abich, 'Frieden mit den Tieren. Ein neues Verhaltnis zu unseren naturgeschichtlichen Verwandten', in Klaus Franke (ed.), Mehr Recht fUr Tiere (Reinbek, 1985), pp. 7-22.
6. Heinrich Bollinger, G. Brockhaus, Joachim Hohl and H. Schwaiger, Medizinerwelten. Die Deformation des Arztes als berufliche Qualification (Munich, 1981).
7. Tierschutzgesetz of 18 August 1986 (BGBl I, p. 1319), modified by Article I of the law of 20 June 1990 (BGBl I, p. 1762).
8. Eisenhardt von Loeper, 'Bewahrung der Schopfung und Achtung der Mitgeschopflichkeit als Staatsziel - ein Pladoyer', in Manuel Schneider and Andreas Karrer (eds), Die Natur ins Recht setzen. Ansiitze fUr eine Gemeinschaft allen Lebells (Karlsruhe, 1992), p. 247 n.
9. Ulrike Dahlke, 'Der theologische Hintergrund des Begriffs "Mitge schopf" in §1 TierSchG', in Thema: 'Tierschutzethik': Tagung der
Notes to pp. 125-37 173
Fachgruppe 'Tierschutzrecht und gerichtliche Veterintirmedizin (Stuttgart Hohenheim, 1993).
10. Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature. A Theon) of Environmental Ethics (Princeton, 1986).
11. Cf. Meyer-Abich, 'Frieden mit den Tieren', n. 5. 12. See my critique of Ursula Wolf's book Das Tier in der Moral (Frankfurt
am Main, 1990), in Merkur 505 (1991), pp. 344-7. 13. Hans Jonas, The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the
Technological Age, trans. H. Jonas and D. Herr (Chicago and London, 1984).
14. Regarding these historical conditions of the conception of humanity, see my book Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht (Frankfurt am Main, 1994).
15. Dieter Birnbacher, 'Sind wir fUr die Natur verantwortlich?', in D. Birnbacher (ed.), Ok%gie und Ethik (Stuttgart, 1991), pp. 103-30; Joel Feinberg, Die Rechte der Tiere und zUkiinftiger Generationen, in idem., pp. 140-79.
16. Klaus M. Meyer-Abich, Wege zum Frieden mit der Natur. Praktische Naturphilosophie fUr die Umweltpolitik (Munich, 1984); Michel Serres, The Natural Contract, trans. E. MacArthur and W. Paulson (Ann Arbor, 1995).
17. Cf. the essay cited in n. 5 above. 18. Gunter Altner, Naturvergessenheit. Grundlagen einer umfassenden Bioethik
(Darmstadt, 1991). 19. In any case, Basic Law, Article 20a prudently refers only to legal
measures, not to concrete ones. 20. Gernot Bohme, 'Die Reproduktion von Natur als gesellschaftliche
Aufgabe', in Gernot Bohme and Engelbert Schramm (eds), Soziale Naturwissenschaft. Wege zu einer Erweiterung der Okologie (Frankfurt am Main, 1985), pp. 93-107.
21. It would not be enough to say in Article 20a: 'the state protects and develops the natural foundations of life' since the latter need in some cases to be completely restored. Cf. my article 'Die Natur herstellen. Der Zustand unserer natiirlichen Lebensbedingungen als unser ge schichtlicher Ort', Frankfurter Rundschau, 5 August 1995.
22. In the essay 'Die Konsitution der Natur durch Arbeit', in Bohme and Schramm (eds), Soziale Naturwissenschaft, pp. 43-62.
23. Hans Immler, 'Die Natur ins wirtschaftliche Recht setzen. Argumente fur eine okologische Okonomie', in Schneider and Karrer (eds), Die Natur ins Recht setzen, pp. 73-85.
24. Reprinted in Arthur J. Brock, Greek Medicine (London and Toronto, 1972), p. 35.
25. In fact, however, it was contained in the Hippocratic oath: 'nor . . . will I give a destructive pessary to a woman' (ibid.).
26. Strafgesetzbuch (Munich, 1994) (Beck-Texte im dtv), Introduction, p. XXVII.
174 Notes to pp. 138-50
27. Michael Piazolo, Das Recht aUf Abtreibung als Teilaspekt des Right of Privacy (Frankfurt am Main, 1982).
28. Translated from 'Reform des §218. Aus der offentlichen Anhorung des Sonderausschusses fur die Strafrechtsreform des Deutschen Bun destages', Zur Sache 6/72 (Deutscher Bundestag: Presse- und Infor mationszentrum, 1972), p. 174.
29. Translated from Norbert Hoerster, Abtreibung im siikularen Staat. Argu mente gegen den § 218 (Frankfurt am Main, 1991), p. 116.
30. Translated from Anselm Hertz, 'Moraltheologische und strafrechtliche Argumente zum Schutz des werdenden Lebens', in Jurgen Baumann (ed.), Das Verbot des §218 (Darmstadt, 1972), p. 92.
31. Ibid., p. 90, referring to Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 96 a2, a3. 32. Some are reproduced in Hans-Martin Sass (ed.), Medizin und Ethik
(Stuttgart, 1989). 33. Hermann Schmid, 'Gentherapie aus juristischer Sicht - schweizerische
und internationale Tendenzen', in Christoph Rehmann-Sutter and Hansjakob Muller (eds), Ethik und Gentherapie. Zum praktischen Diskurs um die molekulare Medizin (Tilbingen, 1995), pp. 137-53.
34. 'Entwurf der Bioethik-Deklaration', printed in Frankfurter Rundschau, 14 August 1995, Dokumentation. English text in Eubios. Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 6 (1995), pp. 58-9. Revised draft: Avant-Projet de declaration universelle sur le genome humain et les droits de la personne humaine (Paris, UNESCO, 4 March 1996).
35. The 1995 draft even spoke of a 'reduction of inequality throughout the world'.
36. See my book EinfUhrung in die Philosophie. Weltweisheit, Lebensform, Wissenschaft (Frankfurt am Main, 1998), ch. I.2 - I.6.
37. From Schmid, 'Gentherapie aus juristischer Sicht', p. 139 (trans. E.J.). 38. Ibid., p. 151 (trans. E.J.). 39. Christoph Rehmann-Sutter, 'Politik der genetischen Identitiit. Gute
und schlechte Grunde, auf Keimbahntheorie zu verzichten', in Chris toph Rehmann-Sutter and Hansjakob Muller (eds), Ethik und Genther apie, p. 187 (trans. E.J.).
40. Ibid., pp. 180ff. 41. Peter Weingart, Jilrgen Kroll and Kurt Bayertz, Rasse, Blut und Gene.
Geschichte der Eugenik und Rassenhygiene in Deutschland (Frankfurt am Main, 1988).
42. Translated from Tom L. Beauchamp, 'Antwort auf Rachels zum Thema Euthanasie', in Hans-Martin Sass (ed.), Medizin und Ethik, p. 274.
43. Wolfgang van den Daele, Mensch nach Mafl? Ethische Probleme der Genmanipulation und Gentherapie (Munich, 1985).
44. Regarding this difference between traditional and modern societies, see Talcott Parsons and Edward A. Shils (eds), Towards a General Theory of Action (Cambridge, MA, 1967), pp. 80ff.
45. Deutsc1tes Ausliinderrecht (Beck-Texte), 13th edn (Introduction by Prof.
Notes to pp. 152-4 175
Helmut Rittstieg), (Munich, 2000). See, in particular, §4 of the Law of Citizenship (5 taatsangehOrigkeitsgesetz).
46. Daniel Cohn-Bendit and Thomas Schmid, Heimat Babylon. Das Wagnis der multikulturellen Demokratie (Hamburg, 1992), pp. 320-1.
47. Cf. Ursula Munch, Asylpolitik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Entwicklung und Alternativen (Opladen, 1992), pp. 19f£.
48. Translated from Kurt R. Grossmann, Emigration. Die Geschichte der Hitler-Fluchtlinge 1933-1945 (Frankfurt am Main, 1969), pp. 9f£.
49. Der volkerrechtliche Rahmen fUr die Reform des deutschen Asylrechts, compiled by Jochen A. Frowein and Andres Zimmermann (Cologne (Bundesanzeiger), 1993).
50. United Nations, 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (28 July 1951).
51. This formulation was taken over as §51 in the law on aliens of 1990.
Index
ability to act 7, 77, 80-5, 89, 97-9, 164
abortion 66, 132, 133, 136-41 academic ethics, critique of 4-7 action
authentic 80-3 unintended consequences of 80 see also ability to act; instrumental
action; moral actions Adorno, Theodor W. 34, 46 affects, and self-control 25 after-life 6 aggressor, identification with the
39 agriculture, industrialized 31-2,
117, 121-2, 130-1 Altner, Gunter 130 Amnesty International 60 Anders, Gunther 141 animal protection law, German
119, 120-1, 122-3, 127 animals
and the incest taboo 50 man differentiated from 90, 102 relationship of people to 117,
119,120-7 responsibility to 125-7 rights of 128 and species-specific inhibitions on
killing 49-50
testing 116, 121 anthropology 14,28,101-4
racist Nazi 146 anti-racism 161 Antiphon 38 Apel, Karl-Otto 4, 6-7, 21, 62 Aquinas, Saint Thomas 140 Arendt, Hannah 40-2, 44 arete 12, 13, 53, 76 Aristotle 52, 72, 88, 90 arms research, responsibility of the
scientist in 32-3 asylum, the right of 36, 149, 153-6 ataraxy 99 Auschwitz, ethics after 34-47 Austria, law on reproductive
medicine 141 authenticity 18, 19-20,81-2 authoritarianism 137,141 authority
assertion against an internalized 83-4
of the law 67 obedience to, Milgram experiment
42-4 origins of state 61-3
autonomy 50 60-1
Bataille, Georges 51, 77 Bavaria 129
178 Index
Beauchamp, Tom L. 146-7 beauty 54, 103 Begley, Louis 39,47 being-human-well 4,12-15,24,
88-101, 164 after Auschwitz 40 and context of virtues 47 demands and temptations 83,
97-9 Benda Report 143 Benn, Gottfried 89 bioethics 124-5, 126
Council of Europe convention 141, 147, 148
UNESCO declaration 141,145, 147
biography and achievement of selfhood
78-9,94,100-1,147 insurances and 98-9
birth Caesarian section 132-3 genetic manipulation of 132-6 and state of having been born 66,
93-4 birth control, morality and
technology of 27-8 body
medical interference in relationship 133-4
as nature we ourselves are 15, 91-4,131-48
Box, Stephen 33 bravery 52-3 Brecht, Bertolt 72, 101 breeding, human selective 133-4 bridging principles
(Amvendungsprinzipien) 4 bureaucracy 29
Camus, Albert 89 capitalism
effect on conception of human being 32, 131
and profitability 29-32 caste systems, and totemism 50-1
categorical imperative 4, 7, 22, 47, 108
celibacy 27 cells, genetic intervention in 133,
135, 142 charity 19,55,112-13 child abuse, and pornography 27 children
rights of 95 see also parent-child relationship
chivalry 55 Christianity
and animals 123-4 ethics 112-13 and evil 46
citizenship 29, 53-4 and foreigners in Germany 149,
150-2 lex sanguinis 36, 150 lex solis 150, 151 the right of 150-2
civil courage 83-4 civil disobedience 64, 84 civility 160-1 civilization
reaction against 45, 87 the state of 6,23-34, 88, 89, 164 see also technical civilization
civilizing process 24-8 cloning 143 cognitive development, and moral
development 5 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel 152 collaboration 39-40 commitment 18,87-8,89,113,164 communalism 33 competence
moral 21 professional 33
confidence, shattering of moral 46-7,75
conformity 17,60,108 conscience
freedom of 68 and selfhood 79-80
consciousness, of being oneself 78-9,92-4
consensus 67, 140, 165 building from moral
argumentation 21, 86-8, 134, 141
and social rights 70 constitutional community 61-2 consumerism, and genetically
manipulated food 28 consumption, separation from profit
maximization 29-30, 31 context
in moral judgement 22,110-14, 164
of virtues 47 contraception see birth control conventions see social conventions Cotgrove, Stephen 33 Council of Europe, bioethical
convention 141,147,148 Council of Evangelical Churches in
Germany 139 courage, peacetime and wartime
83-4 courtesy (Hoflichkeit) 17, 160 crime
genetic fingerprinting in detection 147
state-organized 26, 40-2, 43 and violation of taboos 49
criminal law and abortion 136-41 and reconciliation 55
culture approaching through play 102,
104 sources of Germanic 48,52-9
customary behaviour 8, 12, 16-20, 75, 107, 163, 164, 165
compared with classical virtues 52-3
cultural differences in 19 distinguished from goodness 13 distinguished from laws 17,115 examples of 17-19 of the frontier 160-1 legitimacy of 22 of the second degree 160
Index 179
and system imperatives 33-4 towards foreigners 149,
156-62 as a vehicle for inhumanity 20
Dasein (Heidegger) 111 death
denial of 91 with dignity 38, 100 integration into self-consciousness
93-4 medical definitions of 134 and technical scientific medicine
134-5 unwitnessed 37-8
death penalty 36 Declaration of Human Rights (1789)
61 demands (Zumufungen), and being
human-well 83, 97-9 democracy 62-4
basic values of 9 the principle defined 62
dependence 15, 126, 130 desires, motivation by 81 dietetics 30 difference, the principle of 104 differentiation, of subsystems of
instrumental action 31-3 dignity
human 60,64-7,100-1,135-6, 143-4
as a taboo 64-5 disabled 66 discipline 25-7 discourse
ethics of 4, 62 see also moral discourse
discrimination, genetic analysis and 147-8
disinterestedness 33 DNA 133,142 doctors, desensitization in training
122 dominance of the majority 161 drives, prohibitions and 45, 51 drugs testing, on animals 121
180 Index
duties in feudalism compared with
capitalism 32 and metaphysics of morals 12 and rights, formally regulated 29
Ebeling, Hans 7 education
aesthetic 103-4 environmental 157 in humanism 14 mediation of customary behaviour
through 16,157,163 right to 60,69,70
efficiency 32 ego
and identity 95-6 and reality 92-3
Eichmann, Karl Adolf 40-2, 44, 47 Elias, Norbert 24-5, 38 emancipation 128, 139, 157 embarrassment, overcoming 83 embryos
point of definition of human life 136
research on human 132, 135-6, 137,142-3
emission levels, toxic 118 empathy 37, 99 endogamy 50,51 engagement 89-101, 161 Enlightenment 30, 46, 58, 128 environmental ethics 16, 156-7 environmental problems, and our
nature 91-4, 116-10 130-1 equality 62-3, 157-8 equanimity 96 essence, human 89,90-1 ethical life (Sittlichkeit), and morality
(Moralitiit) 12 ethics
after Auschwitz 34-47 and the concept of evil 44-7 critique of academic 4-7, 163 functional expectations of 16 individual and social 11-12 main fields of 163
and medical research 133-6 and philosophy as a way of life
and wisdom for living 2-3 practical relevance of 12-22 principal demands of 7 public attention to 28-9 scientific and technical 16 striving (Strebensethik) 6, 11, 14 themes of 11-22 the transition to 104-5 use of term 1-2, 12
ethnology, and taboos 49 ethology 49 eugenics, genetic 133,142,145-6 Eurocentrism 23 European Convention of Human
Rights 59-60, 61, 70, 71 European Social Charter 70 euthanasia 10-11,35,134,135,
146-7 evil
ability to say 'No' to 39-40,42-4 affective involvement in 44-5 autonomous existence of 14,42,
44,45-6 ethics and the concept of 44-7,
105 and philosophy 46
evolution, animals and man 125 executive power 61, 67 existence
and personality formation 4, 92-4
temporality of 101,109-14 existentialism 104-5,106-7 exogamy 50,51 exoticism 158 expertise, and moral development
10,141 experts, dependence on 30,34,75,
79,99 expression, freedom of 68 extermination camps 41, 100 external nature
moral questions concerning 115-31,156
need for regulation 116-18,164
'face', conversation of the (Levinas) 110-11
facticity, and project 10, 15, 91, 100 facts, and law 21 family
Christianity and the 56 of man 65-6, 96, 123 protection of 71-2 separation from work 33
fear, of examinations 82-3 Federal Republic of Germany 61,
150,155 civil courage in 83-4
feudalism 31,32,61 fidelity 18-19,54 foreigners
customary behaviour towards 156-62,164
moral problems in dealing with 148-62
forgiveness 55-6 freedom 56-8, 60, 71, 89
in legal norms 57 and nature 15 play and 102, 108 political 155-6 the problem of 81 of research 135-6 rights of 67-9 to commit evil 45
French Revolution 67, 157 Freud, Sigmund 5, 45, 51 fundamental rights
and human rights 9, 59-73, 164 moral potential of 60, 72-3
game 102-4,107 Gehlen, Arnold 102 gender
genetic selection 132, 133 relations 95
gene theory, and prohibition on incest 51
gene therapy 133,135 Genesis 126 genetic analysis 147-8
Index 18 1
genetic engineering 117, 124, 126, 133,137,141-8
and avoidance of disability 88 genetic mapping 142,147 genetic register 142, 147 Geneva Convention on Refugees
(1953, 1969) 154 genocide, victims of 37-8 genome research see human genome germ line therapy 133,142-3,
144-5 German Basic Law 48, 59-73, 100,
123,138 and asylum 153-6 as a constitution 36, 67 and fundamental rights 59-60 and human dignity 64-6 protection of nature for future
generations 129-31 and recognition of human rights
60 right of resistance 63 safeguarded goods 71, 120 and social rights 70
German Conference of Bishops 139 German Democratic Republic 153,
155 constitution 61, 70
German Penal Code, on abortion 136-41
Germany foreigners in 149-62 historical background 34-47 law of citizenship 150 law protecting the embryo 141 see also Federal Republic of
Germany; German Democratic Republic
given, the 10, 89-91, 132 God
reconciliation between man and 55-6
and value of the individual 57, 139
good life 6, 72, 104 Good Samaritan parable 112-13 good, the 46,88,105
182 Index
goodness and being-human-well 12-15,76 trust in 46-7
goods basic 72 defining new public 135 see also safeguarded goods
Graeco-Roman basic ideas 52-4 Grossmann, Kurt R. 153-4 group identity, and taboos 49-50 guilt 75,80 gypsies, annihilation of 149
fIabermas, Jurgen 5,31,59,62 habits 165 happiness, and virtue 5-6, 7, 38, 78 fIartmann, Nicolai 48 health, based on ideal of perfection
144-5 fiegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 12 fIeidegger, Martin 7,77,93,94,111 helpfulness 161 heritage, human genome as 145-8 fIertz, Anselm 140 fIimmler, fIeinrich 37, 47 fIippocratic Oath 135 historical context 6, 7, 11, 34-47,
88,146,164 and human rights 73 and justification 22
fIobbes, Thomas 119 fIoerster, Norbert 139 fIolocaust, survivors of the 37 honesty 19 honour 17, 54 hubris 14 fIuizinga, Johan 102 human see being-human-well;
dignity, human; human being human being
as bearer of fundamental rights 65-6
as defective 102 and evil 44-7 in feudalism 32 goodness and the 12-15,76 as a historical being 24
ideal of 14-15,90 improvement project 143-8 natural origin 125-6, 143 as a product of technical
civilization 28 questions affecting our conception
of the 105-6,115,119,120-8 human condition 15,27,90,94 human development
civilization and 23 Kant's stages 23-4 possibilities of 92-4
human genome 132,133,141, 144-5
human rights 21, 48 as emancipation from the state
67 and fundamental rights 9, 59-73,
164 indeterminacy of the concept 66 universal validity of 62, 157
humanism, education in 14 humanity
the concept implicit in society 94-5,164
and dignity 65,101 ideals of 13,52-4,90-1 as its own project 98,143 and play 103 violation in rape 45
ideal, and nature 14-15,90-1 identity, and genetic issues 133-6,
147-8 ignorance, right of 147 illness
genetic causes 142 and insurance 9 relationship of self to 94
imagination affects and self-control 25 and the devil 46
imitation, and politeness 17 immaturity 30 Immler, fians 131 immunosuppression techniques
133-4
imperfection, right to 143-8 incest taboo 49,50,51 individual
delegated political sovereignty of 63-4
ethics 9,11-12 moral existence of the 10, 11,
105-7 value of the 57,147-8
individuality, right to 143-8 industrialization 121-2, 130-1 instrumental action
differentiation of subsystems of 31-4,75
impact on ethics 32-4 insurance 9,98 interest, as involvement in ethics 1,
161-2 interest groups 122 international law, on refugees 154 international relations, and
reconciliation 55 involvement 4,98-9,100,106-7 is/ought distinction 14
Jenninger, Philipp 37 Jesus Christ 5, 112 Jewish councils 39 Jews
European, annihilation of 41-2, 149
position in Germany 157-8 reports of persecuted 37, 39
Jonas, Hans 110, 111-12, 126 Judaeo-Christian moral ideas 54-6 judiciary 61, 67 justice 53 justification, in moral argumentation
21-2
Ka-Tzetnik 39-40, 45-6 kairos 109-10 Kant, Immanuel 5,14,23-4,30,45,
58,103,119 categorical imperative 4, 22, 108 on freedom 80,81 practical wisdom 3, 12
Index 183
Kierkegaard, S0ren 94, 104-5, 106, 108
killing, species-specific inhibitions on 49-50
Kluger, Ruth 38, 76 Kohlberg, Lawrence 5,22,106 Kramer, Hans 6,51 Kuhlmann, Wolfgang 6
land, industrialization, and the relationship to nature 31-2, 121-2
law as consensus-forming 56, 67 and facts 21 and medical research 134-5 and morality 60-1, 140
legal system, accountability of a 35 legislation 8, 21-2, 115 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 46 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 58 level-headedness 53 Levi-Strauss, Claude 50-1 Levinas, Emmanuel 95,110-11 liberal rights, fundamental and
human rights as 60-1 liberalism 85-6 life 60,71-2, 101, 108-9
the aesthetic way of 104, 108 philosophy as a way of 1, 2-3 preserving vs. right of self-
determination 10-11, 138-9 protection of unborn 136-41 reverence for 119,124-5 right to 71 technical possibilities of extending
134,135 technicization of 26-8
life-project, personal 33,77-8, 86-8, 134, 163, 165
litigiousness 99 living
modes of, rationalization and 29-31
ritually 101, 102-3 Lorenz, Konrad 49-50 loyalty 18
184 Index
Lucifer 46 lying
intentionally 80-1, 87 moral prohibition on 19
magnanimity 53,55 Malthus, Thomas Robert 27-8 man
as animal rationale 90-1, 125 the essence of 15 'family' of 65-6, 96, 123 relation to nature 116-18,
120-4 Mandeville, Bernard 46 manipulation, possibilities of
131-6, 142-8 manners 26 marriage, as a sacrament 56 Marx, Karl 96, 131 media, imaginary world of 27, 99 medical ethics, professional
134-6 medical experiments, Nazism 35 medical profession, dominance of
expertise 79 medical research, on cells and
embryos 135-6 medicine, technical-scientific 94,
121,122 possibilities of manipulation
9-10, 131-6, 142-8 see also reproductive medicine
Merton, Robert K. 32-3 meta-ethics 6, 12 metaphysics 12, 15, 34, 95-6 Meyer-Abich, Klaus M. 125,128 Milgram experiment 42-4 Milgram, Stanley 42-4 mistakes, deliberate 82-3, 87 modern society
basic moral ideas 56-9 defined in terms of work 159-60
modernity critical reflection on 131-48 the project of 56,58-9,118-19,
141-2, 143 social development 164
moral actions distinguished from moral
judgements 5, 7 self-awareness as prerequisite of
82 temporal nature of 109-14
moral argumentation 115-62 the context of 23-73 function of problematizing
customary behaviour 20-1 and moral existence 85-8 and moral judgement 20-2
moral development and cognitive development 5 and expertise 141
moral discourse 4, 59-60, 163 boundaries of 34 framework of topoi for 52 and historical facts 35 human rights and fundamental
rights as themes of 59-61, 66-7,72-3
leading to new social regulations 115-31
and problematization of moral ideas in new context 87
reciprocal recognition and equality in 62
moral existence of fundamental and human rights
60-1 and moral argumentation 85-8 politicization as a sign of 86-8,
164 possibility of a 77-8, 80
moral ideas basic 48-59 Graeco-Roman 52-4 Judaeo-Christian 54-6 of the modern age 56-9 possibility of application in
technical civilization 84-5, 109 taboos as 49,51-2
moral judgement development of 22, 106-7 distinguished from moral actions
5,7,20-2
male and female 22 and moral argument 20-2
moral knowledge, as tacit knowledge 48
moral life 3-4,74-114 the context of 23-73,111-14 exemplary 165 and fundamental and human
rights 60-1 happiness and 78 motivation for 48, 76 practice for 84, 92, 99 preconditions for 81, 113-14 the project of 163, 164 skills for 74-88, 89
moral philosophy 2, 11-12 moral problems
in dealing with foreigners 148-62
existence of 7-8 public opinion-forming and social
regulation 3,8,20-1 moral questions
concerning external nature 115-31
concerning the nature we ourselves are 66,131-48
definition of 105-7 the existence of 9-11, 75 incidence of 107-9 for the individual 24 the nature of 118-20 seriousness of 8-22,69,74,163 for society 24, 67
morality begins with resistance 76,78-9,
84,89,100 and birth control 27-8 and happiness 6 and law 60-1,140 (Moralitiit), and ethical life
(Sittlichkeit) 12 relationship with customary
behaviour 16, 19-20 superfluity in everyday life 75,
84 transition to postconventional 7
Index 185
motherhood by choice 138 surrogate 132, 133
multicultural education 157, 161
National-Socialism, the legacy of 34-47,146
nationality, and citizenship in Germany 150-1
natural law 59 naturalization, rights in Germany
150-1,157 nature
and being-human-well 91-4 Christian conception of 123-4 defining 10 distanCing from 26-7 and freedom 15 as a fundamental ethical value
71,118-19 and ideal 90-1 industrialization and the
relationship to the land 31-2, 130-1
as a moral authority 119 as property 117 and rationality 58-9 as a safeguarded good 120,
129-31 vs. civilization 23, 119 we ourselves are 89-90 see also external nature
Nazism see National-Socialism negativity, integration of 78-9 Nietzsche, Friedrich 14,102 Nirumand, Barbara 138 'No', ability to say 39-40, 42-4,
78-9,89 norm, genetic manipulation in
relation to a 143 normality, and illness 94 norms, social 4, 9 Nussbaum, Martha 72
obedience 54 to authority, Milgram experiment
42-4
186 Index
objectivity 2,25,30,82,97 occupation, free choice of 69 openness 93,95 organ transplants 133-4,135,148 original sin 45 otherness 95, 160-2
parent-child relationship 95-6, 97, 111-12,126
part, of whole 94-7 participation
and the moral life 85-8, 107 and origins of state authority
62-3 rights of 86, 152
partnerships 95, 96 past, remembrance of the 34-47 patria 54 patriarchy, in feudalism 31,32 peace ethics 16 penal code
abortion and 136-41 taboos and 49
perpetrators (Auschwitz) children of the 37 imagination about the 40-2 and victims 37, 38-9
personality free development of 4, 138-9 integrity of 10,33-4, 100, 142
philosophy critique of academic discourse
4-7 and the existence of evil 46 as practical wisdom 1-2 as a science 2 as a way of life 1
Piaget, Jean 5,106 Plato 46, 80, 86, 88 play, and seriousness 101-14 pluralism
and engaging with the other 161-2
and religion 58,140 poetry, after Auschwitz 34 politeia 53-4 politeness 17-18,19-20,160
political commitment 86-8, 164 population growth, moral solution to
27-8 pornography, and child abuse 27 power relations, animals and 126-8 practical action, as a moral way of
life 77-8 practical wisdom (Weltweisheit) 3 prenatal genetic screening 132, 133,
135-6 primitive societies, and taboos 49 principles 22, 47 privacy 57,71, 138, 147-8 private property 57, 71 private sphere 27, 30, 33 production
as appropriation of nature 120-2 and reproduction 31, 130-1
professionalism 33 profitability 29-32 progress 24, 130, 135, 141-2 project, facticity and 10, 15, 91, 100 prosthetics 134, 148 Protagoras 5,81-2,102 psychoanalysis 45, 92 public institutions, judgement of 35 public opinion, formation of 3-4, 8,
20-1, 107 public sphere 30, 69 punishment, protection against
degrading 71
race, as basis of the state in Germany 151-2, 158
racism 140, 151-2, 159 and eugenics 146
rape 45 rationality, and nature 58-9,90-1 rationalization 29-31, 33, 59, 158 readiness 110 reason, and the senses 103 reconciliation, and forgiveness
55-6 reflection 81-2,92 refugees
defined 154
repatriation of 153-4 regulation
concerning external nature 115, 116-18,164
from without to within 25-6 see also social regulations
Rehmann-Sutter, Christoph 144-5 religion
freedom of 68 and pluralism 58,140
remorse, the problem of 79-80 replaceability 107-8 repression
internal 26 of National-Socialism in the
German public sphere 36-7 and taboos 51
reproduction and abortion rights 136-41 and production 31,130-1
reproductive medicine 132-3 research
ethics 132-6 freedom of 135-6
residence, and citizenship 151 resistance
morality begins with 7,76-9,84, 89,100
right of 36, 63-4 respect 17, 160
and citizenship 53-4 for the law, freedom and 81 for nature 124-5
respectability, and customary behaviour 17
responsibility 15, 18, 84, 164 to animals 125-7 Jonas on 111-12,126 of the scientist, in arms research
32-3 rights
of animals 128 and duties, formally regulated 29 natural 15 as a racial privilege 35 in relation to those of others 53 see also children, rights of;
Index 187
fundamental rights; human rights; social rights
risk, in politicization of one's life- project 87-8
Rittstieg, Helmut 150 roles, social 33,107-8 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 119
sacredness, of life 124 safeguarded goods 68,71-3,120,
135 sanctions 20-1, 61 scepticism 33, 75-6 Scheler, Max 48 Schiller, Friedrich 103-4, 108 Schmid, Hermann 143,144 Schmid, Thomas 152 Schmitz, Hermann 105,111 Schopenhauer, Arthur 119 Schweitzer, Albert 119,124 science
encroachment on nature 116-17
and philosophy 2 scientists, responsibility of 32-3 secrecy, right to 71 secular culture, and Judaeo-Christian
religion 54-6 security 71, 91 self-consciousness 82, 105
and nature 10, 92-4 self-control 25-6, 30 self-determination 10, 56-8, 135
and fundamental and human rights 60-1
right of, vs. preservation of life 11,138-9
self-mastery, as masculine self- stylization 52-3
self-problematization 59 self-realization 6, 33, 113 self-respect 100 self-understanding 15,92-4,147
of society 9, 11,84, 129-31, 160, 164
selfhood, and the moral life 76-80, 164
188 Index
seriousness the beginning of 109-14,164 binding nature of 109-14 of challenge to civilized life 35 defining 104-5 in everyday life 84-5,99,104-5 of moral questions 8-22,69,74,
105-7, 163 and play 101-14 and respect for fundamental and
human rights 60-1 of rights of participation 87-8
Serres, Michel 128 sexual morality 27-8
and abortion 136-7 and penal law 136-7
sexuality and individuality 95, 96 sadistic dimension in European
45 shame 26-7, 83 skills, for moral living 74-88, 89 sociability 103 social cohesion, homogeneity and
157-9 social contract 69 social conventions 20-2, 60-2, 115,
163, 164-5 social regulations
formation of public consciousness for 3,5,8
moral questions and 10-11, 115-31, 134-5
morality-free 8, 86, 115 social rights 67, 69-70 social security, right to 69 socialism 61, 70 socialization 24-5, 76, 128 society, self-understanding of 9,11,
69, 115, 129-31, 164 Socrates 3,5,6,80-1,86-7
death of 38 solidarity 18, 19,55,96-7 Sophists 59,119 Sophocles 14 soul 139-40 species being 96
standard of living, right to a certain 69
state duty to nature 129-31 legitimacy of intervention in
reproductive matters 136-41 origins of authority 61, 62-3, 67 rationalization and the modern
29-31 relationship to society 69, 86,
129-31 rights of freedom and the 67-9 terror 7 see also authoritarianism
Stoicism 3 strangers
hospitality to 157 legal protection of 157
subjectivity 105, 106 suicide 100 Switzerland, ban on genetic code
therapy 141 systems, and instrumental action
32-3,75
taboos 21, 37, 48, 49-52 Taylor, Paul W. 125 technical civilization 24-34
animals in 127 and basic moral ideas 56-9,84 and culture 160 dangers of 26-8, 100, 164 objectivity in 82, 98
temptations (Anmutungen), and being-human-well 83, 97-9
Ten Commandments 54 therapy, refusal of 79 Third Reich 14-15,40-2,149,153
failure of intellectuals in the 6-7, 135
misuse of euthanasia in the 11, 146
tolerance 58,160-1 topoi 52,53,68 torture 37 totemism, and caste systems 50-1 transgression, of prohibitions 77
trials Eichmann's 40-2 facts and law 21
trust, in moral order 46-7, 87 truth
and falsehood 19,81,87 pluralism and 58 representation in universalism 22
Tugendhat, Ernst 5, 7, 76 Twain, Mark 76-7
unborn, people yet 66, 136-41 uncertainty 7-9,92-3 unconsciousness, and taboos 49 UNESCO, bioethics declaration
141,145 unhappiness, courage to cope with
78-80 United Nations 62
Convention of Human Rights (1966) 70
United States abortion issue 138 euthanasia debate 146-7
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 56, 59-73, 96, 123
Article 1 64, 66 Article 21 62-3 Preamble 65-6 rights to self-determination 139 social rights 69-70
universalism 22, 33 urbanity (Urbanitiit) 17
values 8-9, 21, 48 van den Daele, Wolfgang 147 victims
of genocide 37-9
Index 189
and perpetrators 38-9 Vietnam War 43 virginity 27 virtue
being and 46 and being-human-well 11, 12-15 and happiness 5-6, 7, 38, 78 terminology 12-13
virtues classical, compared with
customary behaviour 52-3 Graeco-Roman 52-4 Judaeo-Christian 54-6 secondary 47
voluntariness, and involuntariness of action 80-1
wage-labourers 32 war 45, 50, 83-4 Warsaw ghetto uprising 39 Weber, Max 24, 29-30, 59 whole
being part of the 94-7 falsity of the 46-7
will 15,89 work 33,60
as a modern value 26, 57-8, 159-60
protection from obligatory and compulsory 69
right to 69,70 work ethic 29 world views
biocentric 125 Christian in pluralism 140 evaluation of 105-7
xenophobia 158