Humanities Exam 1 questions
spanish_guyQuestion 1
What was the Medieval model of the Universe?
Geocentric
Heliocentric
They believed the universe was completely flat
None of the above
Question 2
Who developed the heliocentric theory?
Nicholaus Copernicus
Tycho Brahe
Ptolemy
Aristotle
Question 3
What was the Starry Messenger?
A popular science journal created by Galileo to spread scientific ideas.
The manual early modern universities used to teach students astronomy
Kepler’s book designed to teach people astrology – the reading of the stars to predict the future
A medieval text describing the geocentric theory
Question 4
What was the most important question facing the Estates General in the months before it met?
Whether the commoners would be included at all
Whether the clergy and the nobility would work together
How the estates would vote
Whether the Third Estate would be able to wear their hats in front of the king
Question 5
Who was the king of France during the French Revolution?
Charles X
Peter the Great
Philibert VI
Louis XVI
Question 6
What did Caesare Beccaria argue in On Crimes and Punishments?
He argued that current systems of European justice were barbaric
He argued that people should not be considered guilty of a crime before they are tried
Torture should not be used to achieve confessions
All of the above
Question 7
What foreign war did France engage in that contributed to its own revolution?
The English Civil War
The American Civil War
The American Revolution
The Thirty Years War
Question 8
What was the Estates-General?
It was an assembly made up of representative of nobles, clergy and commoners that the French king called in 1789 to help deal with the crises France was facing
It was an assembly that represented landed estate owners in France and allowed them to petition the king
It was an assembly that brought together both poor and wealthy farmers to control prices to assure that farmers got good prices for their products
It was the small group of men chosen by the king to be his advisor
Question 9
John Locke is known for promoting what Enlightenment idea?
The only appropriate government was a direct democracy in which everyone voted on every governmental decision
If a government fails to protect the natural rights of its citizens, they legitimately have the right to overthrow that government
Absolute monarchy is the best form of government because it preserves social order
He favored dictatorships because they provided clear rules and punishments for their people
Question 10
In June of 1789, the Third Estate made a radical decision by claiming that they were the representatives of the nation. How did they do this?
They voted to abolish the monarchy and create a republic
They declared themselves to be the National Assembly
They attacked the first and second estates and threw them out of Versailles
They created a constitution for France
Question 11
What was the Bastille and what was its significance?
It was a notorious prison were political prisoners had historically been kept
It was an arms deposit where the French army kept most of its weapons
It was an insane asylum
None of the above
Question 12
Why did the French king not use his troops to crush both the National Assembly and the Paris rioters in 1789?
He disliked the idea of using force against his own people
The army was already fighting wars in other places and he didn’t have enough troops in Paris
He wasn’t sure he had the loyalty of his troops
He was afraid that violence by troops would strengthen the Revolution further
Question 13
How did French women respond to the king’s refusal to accept the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
They sent a cahier de doleance asking him to reconsider his decision
The stormed the Bastille
They marched to Versailles to meet him and demand that the reconsider
They tried to hold an election and vote for a new king
Question 14
The Constitution of 1791 established active and passive citizens. What was the difference between the two?
Active citizens could vote and passive citizens could not
All men were active citizens and women were passive citizens
Revolutionaries could vote while those against the revolution could not
Nobles were not allowed to vote
Question 15
In June of 1791, Louis XVI made a decision that not only turned people further against him but made people believe he was a traitor. What did he do?
He tried to escape from France
He gave a speech condemning the Revolution
He publicly made fun of revolutionary symbols
He sent a letter to the British asking them to come and put down the Revolution
Question 16
Why did France declare war on Austria in April of 1792?
The National Assembly feared that Austria was fixing to invade France and France wanted to strike first
Austria had resources that France needed but it refused to trade with France so France invaded
Marie Antoinette had taken refuge in Austria and France wanted to bring her back to punish her
None of the above
Question 17
What committee did Robespierre head?
The Committee of the National Convention
The Committee of Public Safety
The Department of Homeland Security
The Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
Question 18
How did Robespierre/the Committee of Public Safety try to change French culture?
He instituted a new French calendar
He undertook a campaign of dechristianization
He created the cult of the Supreme Being
All of the above
None of the above
Question 19
How did Napoleon start to restore order to France?
He made peace with the Catholic Church
He briefly ended the wars France was fighting in Europe
He gave France a new constitution with universal suffrage
All of the above
Question 20
What did Napoleon create that is considered one of his most important long-term domestic successes in France?
He created a new system to hold elections
He developed a new Civil Law Code
He set up a new system of courts
He created a university system
Question 21
What system did Napoleon use to try to defeat Britain after a direct invasion attempt failed?
He tried to shut off all trade between Britain and the Continent
He attacked the British colonies, especially India
He defeated the British in Egypt
He never wanted to defeat Britain but preferred to form an alliance instead
Question 2
What happened to Napoleon after he was defeated for a second time at Waterloo in 1815?
He was exiled to the island of St. Helena
He was executed by a coalition of British, Austrian, and Prussian forces
He was imprisoned in France forever
He was exiled to Elba
Question 23
Which of the following statements best applies to urban life in the early nineteenth century?
Government intervention worked to prevented food contamination in factories
Horrible sanitary conditions were made worse by city authorities slow response to take responsibility for public health
Governments quickly began to regulate industry to protect the lives and health of workers
Conditions in the countryside improved dramatically as electricity was introduced into their homes
Question 24
Samuel Smiles wrote a book entitled Self-Help. What advice did he offer to people living in poverty?
He suggested that the poor form unions and mutual aid societies to demand better wages
He suggested that governments create work assistance programs and job training programs so the poor could gain skills and get better jobs
He suggested that the poor work harder and learn to save their money rather than wasting it on immoral leisure activities
He suggested that people not have so many children
Question 25
Herbert Spencer developed what concept?
Social Contract
Social Darwinism
Communism
Socialism
Question 26
Where did Charles Darwin do much of his research which led to his theory of evolution?
England
Spain
Hawaii
Galapagos Islands
Question 27
Why did Europeans want to control Africa and Asia?
Having colonies gave them access to raw materials
They wished to “civilize” these other parts of the world
Having colonies gave them status in Europe and made them seem powerful
All of the above
None of the above
Question 28
Liberals in Europe preferred what kind of economic system?
Mercantilism
Laissez-faire (free market capitalism)
Strict government control
Economics directed by unions
Question 29
Which of the following did people ask for in “The Third Estate of a French City Petitions the King?”
Bread
Correct
Equal taxes
Equal income for all people
End of the monarchy
Question 30
What criticism did Galileo level at people who refused to consider the heliocentric theory?
They failed to properly understand the Bible
They were slaves to the thoughts of others
They condemned Copernicus’s ideas without really understanding them
All of the above
A and C
Question 31
Which of the following arguments did Francis Bacon make to encourage people to look beyond Aristotle for scientific discoveries?
You might not be as smart as Aristotle on the whole but everyone has strengths that can allow them to surpass Aristotle in certain areas
Aristotle never wrote about science and never meant for his writings to be considered scientific in nature
Bacon argues that Aristotle made up information therefore his ideas can’t be trusted
Aristotle wasn’t Christian so he couldn’t be trusted to make the kind of scientific discoveries God wanted people to make
Question 32
According to Immanuel Kant, what held people back from becoming enlightened?
People are lazy
People fear new ideas
Enlightenment required freedom and most people didn’t have freedom
All of the above
B and C
Question 33
Which of the following represented Voltaire’s ideas about religion?
He believed that religion could act as a positive force in people’s lives if it were separated from violent denominations
He accepted Christianity overall but felt it had been twisted by the Catholic Church
He saw Christianity primarily as a violent superstition that would eventually be destroyed by reason
He thought Christianity could be saved if it were separated from older forms of pagan superstition
Question 34
What were cahiers de doléances?
Special privileges granted to aristocrats by the king?
Specific demands for fair taxes made by the Third Estate
Louis XVI’s response to the creation of the National Assembly
List of recommendations made by people throughout France about reforming the government
Question 35
How did Emmanuel Sieyès feel about the French nobility?
He believed the nobility vital to provide continuity to the French nation in the midst of the changes of the revolution
He supported the Second Estate but believed the First Estate should be eliminated
He saw the nobility as being a burden to the nation and weakening it
He didn’t write about the Second Estate at all, his focus was on the importance of the Third Estate
Question 36
What did Alexis de Tocqueville cite as the cause of the French Revolution?
Once the American Revolution broke out, it was inevitable that revolutionary ideas would catch on in France given the inequalities built into their absolutist system
The ideas promoted by France’s many political philosophers matched the injustices people were experiencing, which allowed revolutionary ideas to take hold in France
The Old Regime in France refused to reform itself, which left revolution as the only means of change
The French prefer revolution as a means of action
B and C
A and D
Question 37
What is political liberty according to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
Liberty occurred when the government freed people from the bonds of poverty by assuring a reasonable standard of living for all people
Liberty was the ability to do anything that did not harm someone else
Liberty was applying a set of laws to all people
None of the above
Question 38
What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe would make the most significant change in women’s lives?
Granting women equal political rights with men
Encouraging women to become politicians
Providing women with equal access to high-quality education and equal access to jobs
Valorizing women’s roles as mothers
Question 39
Which demand did the Society of the Friends of Blacks make?
The wanted to abolish the slave trade
They wanted to abolish slavery in all French territories
They wanted to educate slaves to accept their position as slaves and work harder
They argued for the immediate end of all slavery everywhere
Question 40
When Jews asked for the right to become citizens in January 1790, what argument did they make?
Religion should not determine a person’s rights
Jews were hard workers so should be allowed to be citizens
Other countries had made Jews citizens
None of the above
Question 41
Why did Maximilien Robespierre believe that terror was the only way to create a perfect state in France?
Terror would radicalize people in favor of liberty and justice, it would create more participation in the political system
Fear of death would make people more creative in their development of new laws and governmental systems
Terror would eliminate enemies to the revolution and purify the French nation
Terror would keep the most radical elements of the revolution happy and allow it to continue
Question 42
What actions against counterrevolutionaries did General Turreau describe to the Minister of War in January 1794?
Mass murder to eliminate anyone suspected of being against the Revolution
A press campaign to educate people about the benefits of the Revolution
An education program in schools to encourage children to support the Revolution
A careful legal process designed to try counterrevolutionaries in court
Question 43
Napoleon promised his troops glory, honor and wealth. What did he demand of them in return, at least early in this career as a military leader?
They had to accept Napoleon’s own political philosophy
They had to completely reject monarchism
They had to treat conquered people with mercy and bring them liberty
None of the above
Question 44
What is laissez-faire economics?
Economic policy that promotes very little government intervention in the economy
Economic policy that calls for significant government intervention to promote the public good
Economic policy that encourages government to provide school, healthcare and security but nothing else
All of the above
Question 45
How did Thomas Malthus feel about helping the poor?
As a Protestant minister, he believed helping the poor was central to the Christian mission
He believed that governments should focus on providing poor people with skills to help them bring themselves out of poverty
He opposed helping the poor because it would cause population to rise more quickly and bring about disease or famine
He believed that eventually Britain would become wealthy enough to allow the government to provide basic necessities to all people
Question 46
How did Houston Steward Chamberlain feel about racial mixing?
He believed that racial mixing combined the best traits of different races and created stronger people
He believed that racially pure people were strongest but thought that limited, carefully controlled mixing could sometimes be beneficial
He opposed all race mixing in all circumstances
He believed that Europeans paid too much attention to the idea of race mixing arguing instead that a person’s culture had a greater impact on their abilities
Question 47
How did Hermann Ahlwardt see Jews as different from other Germans?
He saw Jews racially different from other Germans. Jews didn’t integrate into the nation, and they took advantage of the goodwill of other Germans
The Jewish faith set Jews apart. They did not accept the basic tenants of Christianity so could not be trusted
Jews brought Eastern European culture into Germany thereby diluting German culture and institutions
He opposed all immigrants, including Jews, and wanted to close Germany’s borders to all immigrants in general
Question 48
What did Joseph Chamberlain argue with respect to British colonization?
Colonization was too expensive. The British should only maintain a few colonies that were most profitable
He wanted to keep India and Egypt as colonies but hoped the British would pull out of Africa because conditions were too harsh
He saw expanded colonization as critical to the continued prosperity of England and the happiness of native people in colonized lands
He wanted colonies to compete with the growing power of the United States
Question 49
In Karl Pearson’s mind, what drove humans toward progress?
A struggle between races and nations that allowed the strongest to dominate and eliminated the weak
Technological advances that would eventually eliminate racial distinctions between people
Evolution and racial mixing that will gradually lead to one race
All of the above
Question 50
What did Charles Darwin argue in his book, The Descent of Man?
Domesticated animals offered a useful model for understanding how accumulated changes gradually led to new species
Humans had altered their environment so much that they no longer experienced evolution like other animals
Humans evolved from lower species just like all other animals
- 5 years ago