Question 1 

When an employee's input-outcome ratio is more favorable than that of a comparison other, ____ has occurred.

  


instrumentality

 


valence

 


equity

 


underpayment inequity

 


overpayment inequity

Question 2 

Which component of expectancy theory covers the relative value of rewards and other consequences?

  


Dissonance

 


Valence

 


Expectancy

 


Instrumentality

 


VIE

Question 3 

Some managed health-care plans keep costs low by paying incentive compensation to doctors to limit the number of high-cost treatments they provide to patients. What is the incentive compensation called based on behavioral modification?

  


Self-actualization

 


Extinction

 


Dissonance

 


Positive reinforcement

 


Punishment

Question 4 

Which of the following reinforcement schedules targets behavior on the basis of a varying amount of time that must transpire?

  


Fixed interval

 


Variable interval

 


Fixed ratio

 


Variable ratio

 


Continuous ratio

Question 5 

Which component of expectancy theory covers the performance-to-outcomes expectancy?

  


Dissonance

 


Valence

 


Expectancy

 


Instrumentality

 


VIE

Question 6 

Which of the levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that a safe environment is a motivational factor?

  


Physiological

 


Security

 


Self-actualization

 


Esteem

 


Belongingness

Question 7 

Which of the levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that having a positive view of one's self is a motivational factor?

  


Physiological

 


Security

 


Self-actualization

 


Esteem

 


Belongingness

Question 8 

Which of the following is NOT a determinant of performance in an organization?

  


Employees' ability to perform

 


Environment in which performance   takes place

 


Support factors such as machinery and   materials

 


Demand for the organization's   products or services

 


Employees' motivation to perform

Question 9 

Which of the following reinforcement schedules targets behavior on the basis of the passage of time?

  


Interval

 


Ratio

 


Rational

 


Bounded rational

 


Instrumentality

Question 10 

Which of the following reinforcement schedules targets behavior on the basis of how many times the conduct occurs?

  


Interval

 


Ratio

 


Rational

 


Bounded rational

 


Instrumentality

Question 11 

Which of the levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that food, water, and shelter are motivational factors?

  


Physiological

 


Security

 


Self-actualization

 


Esteem

 


Belongingness

Question 12 

How many levels appear in Alderfer's ERG theory?

  


1

 


2

 


3

 


4

 


5

Question 13 

Which of the following reinforcement schedules targets behavior on the basis of a constant number of times that conduct must occur?

  


Fixed interval

 


Variable interval

 


Fixed ratio

 


Variable ratio

 


Continuous ratio

Question 14 

Which of the following reinforcement schedules targets behavior on the basis of a constant amount of time that must transpire?

  


Fixed interval

 


Variable interval

 


Fixed ratio

 


Variable ratio

 


Continuous ratio

Question 15 

Equity theory discusses individuals' perceptions about the relationship between ____ and ____.

  


instrumentality, valence

 


financial incentives, nonfinancial   rewards

 


equity, reinforcement

 


rewards, punishments

 


inputs, outcomes

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