exam questions
qingtian
Topic 8. Nonverbal Communication Dr. Oksana Shkurska Dalhousie University
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1. Defining nonverbal communication 2. Functions of nonverbal communication 3. Types of nonverbal messages and their
cultural interpretations
4. Students’ presentation 5. Discussion
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* 1. Yawning` * 2. Frowning * 3.Continued gaze, no head movement * 4. Drumming fingers, tapping foot * 5. Looking over spectacles/Narrowing eyes * 6. Glasses removed and put down * 7. Shifting position continually to avoid eye contact * 8. Rubbing nose/rapid blinking * 9. Tilting head * 10. Rubbing chin * 11. Leaning forward * 12. Leaning backward * 13. Clasping both hands behind the neck
Nonverbal Clues Suggested Meanings
1. Yawning Boredom, fatigue
2. Frowning Annoyance, disagreement
3.Continued gaze, no head movement Not attentive, dislikes what is said, no cooperation
4. Drumming fingers, tapping foot Impatience, boredom
5. Looking over spectacles/Narrowing eyes Disapproval, disbelief, dislike
6. Glasses removed and put down No longer listening, already made the decision
7. Shifting position continually to avoid eye contact Not relaxed, disagreement
8. Rubbing nose/rapid blinking Negotiations, defensive, exaggeration, lying
9. Tilting head Interested, listening
10. Rubbing chin Great interest, concentration
11. Leaning forward Concentrating, increases emphasis
12. Leaning backward Looking for conclusion, thinking, inviting
13. Clasping both hands behind the neck
Extreme confidence, relaxation
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* “All types of communication that take place without words” (Rogers & Steinfatt, 1999, p.162) * “Communication beyond speech” (Martin&
Nakayama, 2013) * The process of exchanging information,
which involves encoding and decoding wordless messages
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* “The nonverbal messages you send and the responses you produce are rooted in culture”
(Samovar, Porter & McDaniel, 2013, p. 267)
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* Expressing internal states (ideas, attitudes, feelings, and emotions) * Creating identity (makeup, facial
expression, manner of dress, accent, jewelry, tattoos, etc.) * Regulating interactions (e.g. signal when
someone should start talking) * Substituting for words (conveying feelings
and attitudes) * Repeating the message
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Messages * intentional * unintentional
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* Non-verbal communication has up to 93% of the meaning (attitudes and feelings) of the messages: 55% of what people see, and 38% is transmitted through the tone of voice (Mehrabian, 1981)
* People often rely on it more than on words (Mehrabian, 1972)
* It can be ambiguous * It is influenced by a person’s cultural background, education, age, gender, personal choices, etc.
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* May have different interpretations in different cultures: only 7 facial expressions are recognized to have a universal meaning (based on Paul Ekman’s research)
* Different cultures create their own rules about what appropriate facial expressions for different situations are, how to express, and how to interpret them
* Nonverbal communication reflects the behaviors that are learned in cultures during the process of socialization
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* Produced by the body - Appearance - Movement - Facial expressions - Eye contact - Touch - Paralanguage * Combined with the settings - Space - Time - Silence (Based on Samovar, Porter & McDaniel, 2013)
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http://www.style333.com/ sites.google.com
http://weddingseve.com/makeup/ collection-of-arabic-bridal-make-up-tips
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http://www.dailymail.co.uk/
http://defence.pk/threads/saudi-and-arabs- dress-cultures.262124/
* drlillianglassbodylanguageblog.files. wordpress.com
* http://theconversation.com/
* * How do people greet each other? * What distance do they maintain during a conversation?
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Public Distance (more than 12 feet [3 m])
Social Distance (4 to 12 feet [1.2-3
m]) Personal Distance
(18 inches-4 feet [0.5-1.2
m])
Intimate Distance (to 18
inches [o.5 m])
(Hall, 1959)
North America
* http://www.huffingtonpost.com/
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* contact cultures -Standing close to others
- Frequent touching while interacting
(e.g. South America, the Middle East, Russia, and Southern Europe).
What about your country?
What about Canada?
* noncontact cultures -maintaining more space
-less often touching
(e.g. Great Britain and Japan)
(Hall, 1966)
DON’T TOUCH MIDDLE GROUND TOUCH
Japan United States Canada England Scandinavia Other Northern European countries
Australia Estonia France China Ireland India Middle Eastern countries
Latin American countries Italy Spain Portugal Greece Russia
(Axtell, 1998)
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* http://www.michellehenry.fr/gestures20.jpg
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Types of Faces 1. Face we are born with 2. Face we can control 3. Face that is changed by the surroundings and
messages we receive
(Samovar, Porter & McDaniel, 2013, p. 267)
* Based on research by Paul Ekman SADFISH (Richmond & McCroskey, 2000): interest instead of contempt
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* How important is eye contact to you during a conversation?
* How would you interpret lack of eye contact? * How would you interpret “too much” eye contact?
* DIRECT EYE CONTACT
CULTURES NOMINAL EYE CONTACT
CULTURES
Middle Eastern French German Dominant US
Korean Japanese African East Indian
(Samovar, Porter & McDaniel, 2013)
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What can you do to improve your nonverbal skills? Discuss in small groups.
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* Is my behavior making people feel comfortable or uncomfortable? * Am I adjusting my nonverbal messages to the feedback
I am receiving from my communication “partner”? * How are people reacting to my use of space, touch,
paralanguage, time, and the like? * If my messages are being misinterpreted is it because
my unintentional messages, rather than my intentional messages, are impacting my communication “partner”?
(Samovar, Porter & McDaniel, 2013, p. 304)
(
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1. Be aware of others’ behaviours and how these affect you. Unexpected and unfamiliar nonverbal behaviours can cause strong responses at an emotional level.
2. Resist the temptation to make hasty, judgmental evaluations.
3. Be aware of your own non-verbal communication.
4. Try to match your behaviours to those of the culture you are interacting with.
(Apedaile and Schill, 2008)
(
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1. What are some potential obstacles to reading accurately the nonverbal messages of other people?
2. What is meant by the following: “Most nonverbal communication is learned on the subconscious level?”
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* Apedaile, S. and Schill, L. (2008). Critical incidents for intercultural communication. NorQuest College. * Ekman, P. (1992). Are There Basic Emotions? Psychological Review, 99(3),
550-553. * Rosenberg, E. L. & Ekman, P. (1993). Facial Expression and Emotion.
Neuroscience year: Supplement 3 to the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 51-52. * Hall, E.T. (1959). The Silent Language. New York: Fawcett. * Hall, E.T (1966). The Hidden Dimension. N.Y.: Doubleday. * Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal Communication. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton. * Mehrabian, A. (1981). Silent messages: Implicit communication of emotions
and attitudes. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth * Martin, J. N.& Nakayama T. K. (2004). Intercultural communication in
contexts (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. * Richmond, V., and McCroskey, J. (2002). Nonverbal behaviour in interpersonal
relations (4th. ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. * Rogers, E. M.& Steinfatt T.M. (1999). Intercultural communication. Prospect
Heights, III: Waveland Press, Inc. * Samovar L.A, Porter, R.E. & McDaniel, E.R. (2013). Communication between
cultures (8-th ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.