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Running head: THE RESURGENCE OF NATIONALISM 1

THE RESURGENCE OF NATIONALISM 9

August 2018 Comment by Angela Parham: You are missing your Abstract. Abstract: Includes the following components: purpose of the research, methodology, findings, and conclusion. The body of the abstract is limited to 150-200 words.

Your paper is not ready for the Program Director Review.  It is still written as if a survey was conducted.  See my feedback. 

Your paper needs to be in the correct format.   I have attached the 2018 EOP Manual that outlines the different sections of the paper.

On page 40 and 41 (attached appendix file) of the 2018 EOP Manual, provides a list of elements the Master’s theses are expected to contain.  Please use this as your guide for structuring your paper.

Also see pages 46 -54 for formatting. ( attached appendix file))

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Background of the Problem 6

1.3 Statement of the Problem 8

1.4 Purpose of the Study 9

1.5 Research Question 9

1.6 Significance of the Study 9

1.7 Definition of Terms 10

1.8 Assumptions, Limitations and Delimitations 10

1.9 Conclusion 11

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 11

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Search Description 12

2.3 Theoretical Framework 12

2.4 Review of the literature 13

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 22

3.1 Introduction 22

3.2 Research Design 22

3.3 Research Question 23

3.4 Setting 24

3.5 Participants 24

3.6 Data Collection 24

3.7 Data Analysis 25

3.8 Conclusion 26

CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS 27

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION, DISCUSSION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 34

5.1 Introduction 34

5.2 Summary of Findings 34

5.3 Conclusions 36

5.4 Discussion 40

5.5 Suggestions for Future Research 44

5.6 Conclusion 46

References 47

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Introduction

The election of President Donald J Trump and Brexit have highlighted the resurgence of nationalism in the modern society as workers who are anxious about the effects of globalization on their employment chances turn on outsiders. In addition, the strong performance of Marine Le Pin in the presidential election in France and the resurgence of nationalist parties in Eastern Europe have increased the anxiety of stakeholders about the rise of nationalism and its implications for the society.

The definition of nationalist companies involves a commitment by right wing parties towards embracing isolation in a bid to insulate their countries from the economic disruption that has been caused by the glob al economic system.

The left behind thesis has been used by many observers of the phenomenon in demonstrating the causes of the resurgence of nationalism (Haidt, 2016). The view is informed by the belief that globalization has raised the quality of life of people across the world except those in western societies. The less educated members of the society lose their employment opportunities to countries with cheap labor and minimal environmental regulations. In addition, workers have also lost employment opportunities to the immigrants who have moved to the country. Employers prefer using immigrants on low-skilled labor because the approach enables them to reduce their operating costs. In towns, which have witnessed stagnation, the residents resent the progress of others while their lives remain the same. The increasing inequality in the society has continued to attract the resentment of the locals who have missed the economic transformation that is captured in the rising opulence, skyscrapers and financial growth for professionals.

Nationalist candidates have observed that the struggle between the nationalism and those with a globalization agenda is one between patriots and those who do not love their country (Sauers, 2010). However, it is evident that nationalists have embraced a narrow view of the global economy and how their communities’ suit into it.

It is evident that the racist undertones in the society have not ended in spite of the efforts, which have been made by governments across the world to create harmony. As a result, it is evident that communities need to have a conversation about racial differences and equality (Sabato, 2017).

The resurgence of nationalism is occurring at a time where some countries are experiencing an increased push for closer international cooperation (BBC, 2018). Donald Trump is leading the resurgence of nationalism. The move by President Donald Trump to enact trade tariffs has contributed towards the increasing divide within the international community over the role of globalization in the modern society. He has also highlighted a willingness to renegotiate NAFTA. The move by the President of the United States has been the primary cause of concern over the impact that the resurgence of nationalism may have on the modern society. The experience of Brexit has demonstrated the inherent challenges that the nationalist movement would face once it ascends to power. The United Kingdom is slowly learning that isolation may have unintended negative effects that outweigh the value that would be derived from the move. However, Brexit has highlighted the structural and systemic challenges, which have undermined public confidence in the centralization of decision-making and the governance of people. The rise of nationalism has undermined the ability of the international community to collaborate and engage in the management of the public sector. The success of the international community is based on the trust of members of the public with each other. The resurgence of nationalism threatens to undermine the ability of stakeholders to collaborate with each other (BBC, 2018). The resignation of Gary Cohn as the top economist of the United States has highlighted the commitment of globalists towards fighting nationalism. Understanding how to manage the resurgence of nationalism and create an effective social-economic system that promotes inclusive patriotism is essential to facilitating the long-term stability of the global economic system. Comment by Angela Parham: Spell out first time.

1.2 Background of the Problem

The growth and development of a society results in an increased desire among the people to overcome the traditional values in favor of more open to change, progressiveness and social engineering. As Western nations achieved economic development, they moved towards emphasizing the emancipative values, which highlight the importance of individual rights and protections for an individual (Greenfeld, 2003). The rise in individuality in Western societies has undermined the identity of the people in the society. The fading of survival challenges has led the society to celebrate employment opportunities such as coding which enable an individual to express himself or herself. The shift means that people who lose jobs in outsourced factories and closed mines have challenges forming an identity in a society, which does not respect their values a lot. Democratic capitalism has also resulted in the organization of the business environment presenting challenges to the living standards of the people. The rise of the young urban elite has resulted in leaving behind many rural economies.

Local ties have weakened in the society as the people have moved to towards urban areas. The people start to perceive themselves as citizens of the world as opposed to those of their individual countries (Gellner, 1998). However, nationalism has also continued to influence mainstream politics with the British Prime Minister stating, “If you are a citizen of everywhere, you are a citizen of nowhere”. The remark demonstrated the evolution of public mood in the British society as Gordon Brown’s remarks in 2007 stating that “British jobs for British workers” had been referred to as an act of racism. The liberal universalism had contributed towards the creation of the resentment among the people who believed that their government had failed to provide effective support for local business and workers. Comment by Angela Parham: Citation needed. Comment by Angela Parham: Citation needed.

Internationalism led to the increased competition for jobs as societies sought to create opportunities for immigrants. Multicultural globalists advocated for the rise of the globalization and immigration as it sought to share opportunities and create an enabling environment for corporations to choose the best talent from anywhere in the world.

Nationalists and globalists had a competing vision as they failed to agree on the subject of immigration. Nationalists have increasingly held the view that the globalization agenda has been driven by the business community which seeks to use immigrants to access the cheapest labor (Hutchinson, 2000). Some nationalists hold the view that their country is better than others are. In contrast, others are racist and illiberal. In addition, some believe that their patriotic values place them with a moral responsibility of contributing towards the protection of the people.

The terrorist attacks in the society have had a negative impact on the society. Terrorism has led to phobia against Islamic immigrants due to the fear of the impact that they have on the society. The fear of radical Islam has fueled the opposition against immigration of Muslims in the society.

The responses of the people towards immigration are influenced by the fear and anxiety that people have over their economic well-being and safety (Spencer & Wollman, 2005). The biggest challenge that members of the public and their leaders have had in reacting to the problem of nationalism is the lack of empathy among the leaders. Many people have failed to demonstrate an appreciation of the concerns that have made some communities resistant to immigration and globalization.

The resurgence of nationalism threatens international peace and collaboration at a time when nations have the responsibility of engaging in shared problem solving. A return to nationalism and the rise of nationalism and protectionism could have an adverse effect on the rise of globalization and the impact that it can have on the society (BBC, 2018). The success of individual nations and their citizens is increasingly dependent on treaties and partnerships with other countries to harness their comparative advantage. The ability of communities to achieve desirable outcomes in the present age depends on their ability to collaborate with others and take advantage of the opportunities that are available across the world.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

The rise of nationalism is a consequence of the anxiety that people are experiencing in their interaction with others (Kohl & Fawcett, 1996). Billionaire leaders such as President Donald Trump have successfully tapped into the discontent of the people with the existing global economic system to further their political agenda. In addition, many people have failed to understand the issues that are important to the people who are feeling left behind by the globalization in the society. Leaders recognize that a failure to manage the resurgence of nationalism could undermine the ability of the international community to tackle shared challenges that require cooperation among different countries such as climate change and global economic system. In addition, isolationist policies tend to enhance the extremist positions in countries, undermining the ability of their elected leaders to engage in the compromises that are essential to the effective governance of a state. The international community needs to understand the nature of the threat posed by nationalism in the modern society and the impact that it could have on political stability and economic growth.

1.4 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is to investigate the factors that have resulted in the resurgence of nationalism and its implications on the international community. The insights gained from this study will form the basis for addressing the concerns that have made some people in the Western nations to reject globalization. It will also provide an effective long-term strategy for protecting the society from the systemic attempts aimed at closing individual countries from each other. The insights gained from this study will contribute towards the promotion of globalization and collaboration efforts in the international community.

Despite the committed support of President Donald Trump for nationalism, he has continued to face sustained opposition from members of Congress from both parties and the business community. As a result, his actions have been limited though they have undermined the role of the United States as the guarantor of the free market system.

1.5 Research Question

· What has caused the resurgence of nationalism? Comment by Angela Parham: What is your Hypothesis? Comment by Angela Parham: Your hypothesis should be something that you can actually test, what's called a testable hypothesis. In other words, you need to be able to measure both "what you do" and "what will happen." Most of the time a hypothesis is written like this: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen." Your hypothesis should always explain what you expect to happen during the course of your research.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study is timely due to the increasing interest among scholars and the international community to understand the resurgence of nationalism and its long-term effects. The study will also seek to evaluate the steps that can be taken to enhance the engagement of all people in creating a prosperous and shared economy. The findings of the study will contribute towards informed discourse on the issue of nationalism and enable policy makers to make informed choices about the challenges facing some communities and the effective intervention measures, which should be used to reduce the extremist positions held by others on globalization. The significance of the study is that it addresses an important contemporary issue that has a disruptive effect on the continued civilization of the modern society.

1.7 Definition of Terms Comment by Angela Parham: I would recommend writing this is paragraph form.

Globalists: individuals who support globalization

Globalization: the process through which businesses or organizations gain influence across the world

Nationalism: advocacy for the political independence of a country

Patriotism: the quality of vigorous support for one’s country

Immigration: the movement of people into a country in which they are not citizens

1.8 Assumptions, Limitations and Delimitations

The study will assume that those who support nationalism have different reasons based on their experiences and their values. However, the biggest limitation of the study is the inability to conduct extensive interviews and ethnographic observations in order to understand the perceptions of the people concerning nationalism. In spite of the inability to conduct an extensive study, the study will use extensive qualitative research to extrapolate the findings of its limited research and synthesize it with the relevant literature on the subject.

1.9 Conclusion

This section has demonstrated the nature of nationalism and the challenges it poses to both individual countries and the international community. It is evident that economic concerns are the primary drivers of nationalism in the society (BBC, 2018). As a result, the study will provide an effective framework for the effective resolution of the challenges posed by increasing globalization in the modern society.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW Comment by Angela Parham: The literature review surveys publications (books, journals and sometimes conference papers) on works that has already been done on the topic of your research paper. It should only include studies that have direct relevance to your research.

2.1 Introduction

The literature review aimed at developing a holistic understanding of nationalism and its resurgence in the modern society. As a result, past and present incidences of nationalism were examined in the research process. The findings of the study form the basis for understanding the psychology of the modern nationalist and the factors that cause it to be prevalent among different parts of the society.

2.2 Search Description

The search terms comprised of ‘nationalism’, ‘causes of nationalism’, ‘causes of Brexit’ and ‘Trumpism’. The search results produced leads that the researcher used to identify other literature material on the subject. The focused research played an important role in enabling the researcher to identify the literature that could be used in the study. In addition, the internet search involved ‘resurgence of nationalism’ and ‘nationalists’.

2.3 Theoretical Framework Comment by Angela Parham: Is this theoretical framework from a source?

Cultural factors

Patriotism

Nationalism

Social-economic factors

Political factors

Fig 1 Theoretical framework for the resurgence of nationalism

The theoretical framework demonstrates the impact that environmental factors have on the inherent patriotism of an individual. Each person has a close relationship with their nation that forms part of their identity. The cultural factors in the society may affect how people perceive others. Part of the opposition towards nationalism can be linked to cultural issues, which affect how the people perceive each other. In addition, social-economic factors may affect the sense of security that a person has about their future (Spencer & Wollman, 2005). Political actors may exploit social-economic and cultural factors to stir interest in nationalism. The resurgence of nationalism can be linked to the cultural and social-economic factors in the American society. Consequently, it is evident that the adoption of nationalism is a response to threats to the identity or survival of an individual. The push for nationalism is a reactive response to the fear and anxiety caused by the potential loss of the identity of a person (BBC, 2018).

2.4 Review of the literature

The turn of the new millennium held the hope that most countries around the world would turn away from nationalism as globalization and technological advancements created new opportunities for the young generation to interact with others. It was expected that young people would be less nationalistic than their parents would as they recognized the shared value in the connection of different cultures and societies (Helleiner, & Pickel, 2005). The political future of many communities seemed to lie in super nations such as the European Union. However, nationalism started to enjoy a large resurgence across the world as the promise of globalization failed to result in shared prosperity.

Populists from Venezuela to Poland, the United States and Britain have exploited nationalism by casting themselves as opponents of globalists. The appeal of nationalism is evident in the need to project the fears and anxiety of a people to the other (Serwer, 2017). In China, Russia and Turkey authoritarian regimes have played the nationalism card to entrench their hold on power by concentrating economic and political control in their hands. Institutions such as the European Union have found that they are being held back by the increased resistance against the centralization of decision-making authority in the society.

The latest wave of nationalism seems set to endure for a long period as changes in the world economy continue to increase anxiety over the economic viability of many communities and their members. The success of nationalism can be linked to its immense power. It plays an important role in giving people an identity in a multicultural world where immigration threatens to break down the traditional conceptualization of nation states.

The definition of a nation over the years has been anchored in common ancestry (Gans, 2003). This view is responsible for the inability of many people to accept immigrants and assimilated persons as part of them. For instance, it explains the reluctance of people to accept Muslims as capable of becoming real Britons or Germans. In spite of the increased willingness among the people to accept that people with different skin colors and ethnicity as being part of themselves, the adoption of multi-ethnic nations has always been a social experiment that was bound to face some fierce resistance from the target population. Many people are keen to hold onto their mono-ethnic identities because it aligns with what they know about the role of nationhood in their lives.

The resurgence of nationalism in Canada and the United States in spite of the countries having experienced immigration for many decades demonstrates the enduring need for mono-ethnic identities and the endurance of their rigid racial structures. The progress that has been made towards reducing the injustices and inequality caused by the societal challenges in the society has threatened those who view the concept of a nation as being synonymous with Christianity and whiteness (Sharma, 2006). Changes in the society have threatened the status of many people who relied on their race or religion to access privilege in the society. Consequently, the pushback against immigration and racial equality could be driven in large part by concerns over the impact that it will have on the privilege, which is available to members of the community (Sabato, 2017).

The association of nationalism with one ethnic group risks enhancing the tensions and inequality that have defined the society in the past. As a result, it is imperative for communities to embrace effective intervention measures to enhance their ability to reach new groups and embrace a more inclusive form of nationalism (Waldron, 2002). The approach will be integral in creating opportunities for the society to benefit from the adoption of a collective identity. Presently, nationalism evokes a negative response, which undermines the ability of the people to have an honest conversation about nationalism (Sin, 2006). It is evident that each human being has an emotional connection with their identity. In a fast-changing world, the concept of nationhood provides not only an identity, but is also an important function of the hopes and aspirations of individuals. As a result, it is important for members of the society to empathize with those who have expressed support for nationalism because they believe in one form of nationalism.

The liberal reaction to nationalism has been flawed and only served to entrench the resistance of some groups against globalization. The view involves recognition of the inherent weakness in the continued attempt to encourage the power to abandon any collective identity in favor of transcending tribal allegiances (Brubaker, 1997). The approach fails to recognize the need for identity in a rapidly changing world. Nationalism has achieved a lot of power by expanding the circle of sympathy among a people who are concerned over their place in a rapidly changing world (Miščević, 2000). Globalists have contributed towards the rise of globalization by failing to recognize the adverse effects of globalization. However, it fails to recognize the impact that such a system has on the individual persons who are forced to compete with cheaper labor from around the world. As a result, nationalism has a flawed overall strategy but a more compassionate individual framework while universalism has a holistic and open overall strategy but fails to account for the needs of individual persons (Lomnitz-Adler, 2001).

The liberal response to nationalism has been a rush towards the protection of minorities. However, this approach has failed to embrace intersectionality theory in understanding how sub-groups may act as agents of victimization. It is evident that even small groups may be instruments of oppression for some of their members. The observation is evident in the failure by the Muslim community to embrace gender equality, a practice that continues to cause friction with other communities where they immigrate. As a result, the most effective way for the modern society to allow the exercise of individual freedom is to provide a political identity that allows them to live their lives and is independent of the interests of particular cultural groups.

The biggest problem is that liberals gave up on their attempt to define nationalism. Instead, extremist right-wing groups who have an ultra-conservative view of the concept of a nation and its role in the identity of a person now drive the movement. The experiences that Germany and the United States have had with prejudice have led to the view that any form of nationalism may result in the excesses that mar their histories. Instead of inspiring patriots to hold the values and aspirations of their nations, many activists have been content in denouncing past injustices. The narrow approach has failed to provide a path for the future even as it seeks to deconstruct the history of their nations. The approach has surrendered the role of defining nationalism to bigots and racists in the society.

The example of a few political leaders demonstrates that many liberals recognize that active involvement in the continued effort to define nation states is important in enabling countries to achieve their goals. The observation is evident in the speech that President Barack Obama gave in Selma, Alabama in memory of the civil rights march and the sacrifices that were borne in the pursuit of racial equality in the United States (Sabato, 2017). President Obama noted the importance of continued engagement in forging a common political identity in when he state, ‘What greater expression of faith in the American experiment than this…What greater form of patriotism is there than the belief that America is not yet finished, that we are strong enough to be self-critical, that each successive generation can look upon our imperfections and decide that it is in our power to remake this nation to more closely align with our highest ideals ?” Similarly, Emmanue Macron embraced this view when he was campaigning for the Presidency of France when he stated that, ‘I see Armenians, Italians, Algerians, Moroccans, and Tunisians…, “But what do I see? I see the people of Marseille! What do I see? I see the people of France!” His remarks were a repudiation of the exclusive nationalism that was being advocated by the National Front Party. However, the strong performance of the party and the fact that President Obama was succeeded by Trumpism demonstrated that more needs to be done to expand the participation of different groups in the continued effort of defining nationhood and determining its values. Comment by Angela Parham: Citation needed. Comment by Angela Parham: Citation needed.

The United States and Europe has a rich history of inclusive patriotism. However, more needs to be done to increase the engagement of different groups in nationalism and in forming the nations that they belong to. It is evident that a lot needs to be done to provide a sense of shared ownership of the society. The election of President Donald Trump and the continued rise of the European Parliament made some people to feel that their identity and understanding of their nation was being threatened (Serwer, 2017). The people felt that they were losing their way of life considering social-cultural changes in the world. The election of Donald Trump was in large part the consequence of the rise of the LGBTQ community after a Supreme Court ruling upheld same sex marriage, the election of a black President and the possible succession by a female president. The activities sought to break social, gender, racial and cultural practices that had defined white America for many years (Sabato, 2017). In addition, the continued growth of the Latina population across the United States presented the fear that white Americans would become a majority in the United States. The failure of the nationalism movement to create an inclusive definition of nationhood means that many people view their political identity as being tied to their cultural one. Comment by Angela Parham: Spell out first time.

The United States has consistently sought to define itself as a melting pot of different cultures and ethnicities. However, the approach seeks to force people to embrace a unified Culture. In Canada, the model is that of a salad where different cultures are believed to enrich the whole. However, the idealized approach is overly optimistic of a group with members who share little across their cultural and ethnic divide. The metaphor may provide a view of the ideal nation that nationalists would wish to create. However, it has features that are inherently abused by the movement. It is defined by shared and equal rights among all the groups in the nation. Achieving the model will require taking pride in the collective desire for shared ownership of the destiny of the nation and a responsibility towards helping others. It requires humility in accepting the prejudices of the past and forging a common future.

Many observers have noted that compassionate patriotism is different from nationalism. They note that it requires cooperative abroad and an innocent love of one’s country. In contrast, nationalism seeks to exclude other societies and to place the interests of one’s country above those of others.

Achieving compassionate patriotism requires the exclusion of the exclusionary politics that are prevalent from Washington to Moscow to Beijing. The global nature of nationalism demonstrates a shared interest among the people of the world for a retreat from the world to their countries (Serwer, 2017). Although this approach is a conservative and anxious response to the uncertainty of the modern age, it is evident that it is fueled by existing prejudices that have merely been silenced but not overcome in the past.

Individuals who believe in liberalism have a responsibility to take responsibility for the control of nationalism because of the importance of shared engagement with each other. It is imperative for members of the society to recognize the importance of investing in the well-being and success of each other. The failure to manage nationalism could result in the resurgence of philosophies similar to those of the Nazi movement. Consequently, the society has a responsibility to demonstrate greater responsibility in managing the threat posed by nationalism.

The military parade that was proposed by President Donald Trump highlights the enduring threats posed by a retreat to nationalism. Military parades are an instrument of totalitarian regimes, which seek to use them to arouse national pride. The reliance on a show of might as a marker of the identity of a people fails to recognize the inherent value in embracing a more robust response to the opportunities provided in the society (Serwer, 2017). It fails to account for the benefits that could be derived from a shared ownership of the tasks facing the nation.

The success of nationalism in the twentieth century was dependent on the instability in the world. However, the modern age is characterized by relative stability in large parts of the world. Consequently, nationalism can be the consequence of the inability of political leaders to take responsible stewardship of modern day challenges. It is evident that the prevailing environment does not favor the long-term survival of nationalism as increased prosperity around the world and the sharing of information increases the desire among the people for immigration and shared experiences (Nairn, 1997). The political leaders across the world have a moral responsibility to meet the modern-day challenges facing their nations with boldness of vision to create an enduring identity for their nations. In contrast, the embrace of nationalism highlights a weak response to the challenges of leadership.

The success of modern day nationalist in the United States lies in the use of economic theory to highlight the willingness of some members of the society to embrace the vision that is offered by isolationists who view the other as a threat to the continued prosperity of their nations. Individuals such as Donald Trump have sought to portray themselves as the savior of the working class who are being left behind by the changing economic and political environment, which fails to provide opportunities for inclusive prosperity. They rely on attacks on the broken system to appeal to the emotions of the common person without proposing tangible solutions.

They also attack foreign aid as an attempt at diverting the resources of the nation to other people. The zero-sum approach to governance employs an insular view of the role of the nation in the world and fails to recognize the responsibility that a nation has to others (Zimmer, 2003). The misadventures of Japan during the Second World War highlight the consequences of unbridled nationalism. The retreat of Japan from nationalism serves as a cautionary tale for any country that would seek to follow the same path.

White nationalists have an effective appeal to a large segment of the American population because they provide a voice to a largely forgotten group in the society. In the fight for civil rights and equality in the society, the needs of the white man have been neglected by the state. The loss of blue-collar jobs that were a source of pride and opportunities for social-economic development for many white men across the rustbelt and the American inland is the straw that broke the camel’s back. A review of the areas where the opioid crisis is most rampant demonstrates that white Americans are the most affected. In effect, in spite of their enduring numerical advantage, it is visible that the white man is quickly becoming a minority whose interests and needs are being neglected. White nationalism has provided a consistent platform for this group to highlight their plight and their needs. The resurgence of the movement in the recent past is a factor of the growing neglect of white men and the impact that it has had on their communities.

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY Comment by Angela Parham: The methodology section of a research paper answers two main questions: How was the data collected or generated? And, how was it analyzed? The writing should be direct and precise and always written in the past tense.

3.1 Introduction

The resultant empirical investigations probably need an adaptation to the existing research methods including exploitation for new data sources. The constitutive elements for the research agenda already exist and what is required is only the integration across the methodological and disciplinary boundaries. An extensive mixed method seeks to identify the utilization of the national and ethnic affiliations in everyday interactions as the bridge across cultural variations although it is sometimes the source of conflict and differentiation. The methodology seeks to confirm the nationalist rhetoric of whether the elites in the United States are rarely reproduced in everyday life and especially where a lot of practical concerns take place. The research methodology will form the backbone of the study because the method will determine the results.

The research is both methodological and theoretical since the two sets of concern are mainly interconnected within cultural research. The methodology will consider the way the conceptions of the United States as a nation varies across the national population. However, there is a concern for a generation of a consistent typology for the nationalist beliefs that are mapped within the thoughts of the concrete communities. The study is required to address the limitations for the dominant methods that are used in studying the heterogeneity for the meaning of the nation. The study intends to elicit interpretations from the respondents during the interview or to even through ethnographic fieldwork through observation of articulations of the meaning during the public debates.

3.2 Research Design

The research design will ensure that the study is carried out in two parts. Ideally, the first part will involve an in-depth literature review of the existing literature to learn the things other researchers have established as the resurgence of nationalism within the United States. Besides, the literature reviews for the past surveys that other researchers had carried out are essential in developing the second part of the study. Notably, the second part will be an unsigned online survey designed to gather and analyze the opinions for the participants and their thoughts on the resurgence of nationalism in the United States. The research design will involve multiple choice questions which will be designed in such a way that it is able to gather information. Comment by Angela Parham: Did you accomplish this in the Literature Review? Comment by Angela Parham: This still is written as through you conducted a surevey.

The qualitative questions are designed to collect any suggestions that participants had without constraint with the format or limit for the multiple-choice options offered in quantitative design. The unit of analysis will be composed of organizations with formal structures, key informants, and groups of people within the United States. The focus of the study is condition since the interest is on the current state for the resurgence of nationalism within the United. The appropriate time dimension is longitudinal but because of limited time, the cross-sectional method will be applicable to collect data in one time.

3.3 Research question

The research question is “what has caused the resurgence of nationalism?” The research question has been designed in such a way that the respondents are able to refine the issues and even identify the appropriate sources that are likely to enable them to respond to the research questions. The research question will help in enhancing the research through its positive effect on the existing body of knowledge relative to the subject. The research question will include a follow up since the focus is on nationalism and its role in the United States. Besides, the follow-up question will help establish the extent of the resurgence of nationalism within the United States.

3.4 Setting

The research respondents are solicited from a small population. Ideally, the respondents will be solicited through notifications such as the social networking sites. For example, the emails and the notifications will explain the purpose of the survey including a request for their responses and even offer a link to the online survey. The survey is fully anonymous with the exception of demographic information that has little or no establishing information. As a result, there will be no any identification of numbers assigned to survey links and even no way of identifying those individuals who participated in the survey. In other words, the study will be treated with a high level of confidentiality.

3.5 Participants

The solicitation on social media such as Facebook will be carried out as a status message through a request for the “Facebook friends” to complete the survey through a link to the survey location. There is an expectation of (5-10) % response rate within the survey from the targeted three hundred respondents. The age will vary from more than eighteen years to more than eighty years of age and in diverse occupations and with various education levels but geographically placed within the United States. The respondents will be employed in diverse occupations and located across the United States.

3.6 Data collection

A simple random sampling will be used on the targeted study population of 300 and a sample size of 169 inclusive of the men and women, youth and the aged. The limit of the participants as the study population is because of the logistical, financial, and time constraints. Purposive sampling and specifically nonprobability sampling will be employed to obtain in-depth information. Data from the participants will be gathered through utilization of questionnaires, key informant questions, and the survey questions. Besides, the participants will be granted with both close-ended and open-ended questions designed in such a way that it is able to capture both the qualitative and quantitative data.

3.7 Data analysis

The data gathered through the ratio scale will be analyzed using the descriptive statistics including the mean and the mode. The mean function will be used to calculate the average on the extent of the resurgence of nationalism within the United States. The mode will be used to offer a reflection on the most dominant form of the resurgence of nationalism within the United States. Data entry will be done through the use of the statistical package for social sciences and Microsoft excel while the presentation for the quantitative data will be done using the frequency tables, figures, plates, graphs, and the pie charts. On the other hand, the qualitative data will be analyzed through the creation of themes, categories, and patterns.

The questions will contain five choices for the responses to the quantitative portion of the research. Every response will be converted to values between one and five and the questions will be assigned numbers for simplicity in the analysis. The results of the research will then be placed within an excel spreadsheet for studying and analysis. The results will be calculated and put in tables where it will then be graphed. The results will then be compared against the entire average and even against other categories to create assumption concerning the demographic subsets. The study will take into consideration the number of all the respondents from every category when taking into consideration the significance for the average of every subset.

3.8 Conclusion

In conclusion, the methodology will be geared towards allowing the researcher to establish an extensive understanding of the extent of resurgence for nationalism within the United States. The methodology will also attempt to offer the factors that have led to the increase in the resurgence of nationalism within the United States. The targeted population of 300 respondents will emerge from various economic and social-cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the methodology will play a great role in ensuring that an extensive understanding of the extent of nationalism within the United States cuts across various communities including the factors that result in their cause. The methodology will cover the research design, research question, setting, the participants, data collection, and the data analysis.

The research methodology will include both methodological and the theoretical approaches because the concerns are mainly associated with the cultural research. The methodology will consider the conceptions for the targeted area since the nation varies across the national population. The study will be carried out in two parts where the first part will involve a review for the previous studies whereas the second part will include unsigned online survey that will be designed in such a way that it is able to gather and analyze the opinions for the participants including their perception on the resurgence of nationalism within the United States. In a nutshell, the research methodology will play a great role towards ensuring that the research question has been answered and offer options for areas for future research. CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS Comment by Angela Parham: This entire section is based on the survey.

A new Ipsos/Reuters poll carried out in partnership with Virginia Center University for politics revealed that there is a considerably slight national endorsement for the white supremacists and the neo-Nazis. Besides, there is a lot of troubling extent for support of particular racially charged attitudes and ideas that are frequently expressed with the extremist groups (Sabato, 2017). Notably, the survey established a backing to keep in place the Confederate monuments where the elimination of which has emerged a pressing button concern for the communities across the nation. The survey results, as it is always the case, could be interpreted in two varying ways.

On one hand, few individuals surveyed expressed some direct backing for hate groups regardless of the events in Charlottesville. On the other hand, it seems troubling for many that a somehow insubstantial proportion for those polled indicated indifference and neutrality or even worse articulated support for the outdated views on race. The largest sample poll that included close to 5360 questions and carried out between 21st of August to 5th September during the aftermath for the neo-Nazi rallies and the counter-protest made on the Virginia University grounds and within the downtown Charlottesville between August 11th and 12th in Virginia. The respondents were asked about whether or not they agreed with those statements that asked whether the racial minorities or the white people within the United States were under attack.

It was found that fourteen percent of the entire respondents agreed with the statement that the white people are under attack and also disagreed with the same statement that the non-whites were under attack. Close to a third of the respondent translating to 31 percent somewhat and strongly agreed that the country requires preserving and protecting the heritage for the white Europeans. Besides, another 34 percent of the respondents somewhat and strongly disagreed with the statement whereas 29 percent neither disagreed nor agreed (Sabato, 2017). Nearly 50 years after the Supreme Court in the United States struck down the prohibition on mixed-race marriages, nearly a sixth translating to 16 percent of the respondents agreed with the statement that marriage needs to be allowed between two individuals but from the same race.

A further 14 percent are neither seen to disagree nor agree with the statement whereas 4 percent indicated that they did not know. In totality, nearly a third did not manage to express tolerance for the interracial marriage. Nearly 17 percent among the whites agreed with the statement that marriage needs to be restricted to a similar race with 15 percent neither disagreeing nor agreeing. It was slightly higher compared to the non-whites where 15 percent agreed and 12 percent neither agreed nor disagreed. Notably, in separate questions that asked whether or to the extent the respondent backed the various ideologies, 6 percent of all the respondents indicated that they somewhat or strongly backed the alt-right.

The respondents who supported the white nationalism were 8 percent while 4 percent expressed their support to the neo-Nazism. Notably, for both the white nationalism and the alt-right questions, the poll established that nearly a fifth of all the respondents indicated that they neither opposed or supported the movements or groups and perhaps revealed some further likely additional support (Sabato, 2017). It should be recalled that the adults in the United States are approximately 250 million. Therefore, even the small percentages are possibly to represent the beliefs for a lot of the Americans. The respondents on the Confederate monuments were offered the choice for either eliminating the Confederate monument from the entire public areas of maintains them.

Three-fifths translating to 57 percent indicated that the Confederate monuments ought to remain within the public spaces whereas a quarter translating to 26 percent indicated that they ought to be removed. Notably, 54 percent indicated that the entire monuments need to be eliminated among the African American respondents while 25 percent who seemed inclined to maintain the monuments in place. The white strong varied with nearly two-thirds translating to 67 percent indicating that they should be maintained but only 19 percent favored the removal. In essence, a plurality for most Democrats favored the removal of the monuments which was 46 percent while the 38 percent favored the monument to be marinated in place.

Approximately 51 percent of the respondents among those who possessed the bachelor’s degree and beyond favored the restoration of the monuments while 34 percent favored the removal of the monuments. Some outcomes revealed that there was broad acceptance for the racial equality. Therefore, seven in every ten translating to 70 percent strongly agreed that individuals from different races need to be free to live in whichever place they desire and 70 percent agreed on all races are the same with just 2 percent and 4 percent of the respondents strongly disagreeing in that order (Sabato, 2017). Nearly 89 percent which was a large percentage agreed that the entire races need to be treated equally even as 11 percent responded otherwise. It was found that 3 percent disagreed, another 5 percent neither disagreed nor agreed, and another 3 percent indicated that did not know.

However, the rest of the findings presented a conflicting opinion concerning whether and the type of the racial groups that were likely to be under attack within the United States. Nearly 39 percent of the respondents somewhat and strongly agreed with the statement indicating that the white people were currently under attack in the country whereas 38 percent disagreed. The strong disagreement composed 28 percent that ranked high compared to those who strongly agreed to translate to 19 percent. Notably, 29 percent seemed to disagree with the statement among the whites whereas 54 percent of the non-whites disagreed. Furthermore, 21 percent among the partisans who were Democrats agreed with the statement that indicated that to some extent when compared to 63 percent of the Republicans.

Equally, 59 percent of the Democrats disagreed which translated to 47 percent whereas 17 percent of the Republicans also disagreed. It was noted that nearly the same percentage for the Republicans and the Democrats neither disagreed nor agreed as 17 percent and 18 percent respectively. Another 55 percent somewhat strongly agreed with the statement that indicated that the racial minorities were currently under attack in the country whereas 22 percent somewhat or strongly disagreed (Sabato, 2017). Similarly, 13 percent of the racial minorities appeared to disagree with the statement whereas 27 percent of the whites as well disagree with the statement. The poll also established mixed views for the relative unfamiliarity and Black Lives Matter with the Antifa when compared to the rest organization and movement that the survey questioned about it.

Approximately a third of the respondents translating to 32 percent indicated their support for the Black Lives Matter whereas an additional 24 percent revealed a middle stand of either opposing or supporting. Approximately 62 percent of the African Americans voiced their support for the group whereas 26 percent and 33 percent of the whites and the Hispanics respectively also did the same. A plurality among the respondents appeared to be against the Black Lives Matter. Therefore, 37 percent strongly or somewhat opposed the organization. In essence, the strongest core for those opposing the group emerged from the whites with only 43 percent opposing the issue of the Black Lives Matter.

There was an obvious partisan variation in opposition or in support for the organization where 52 percent of the Democrats seemed to support the Black Lives Matter and another 62 percent of the Republicans seemed to oppose it. It was found that 8 percent indicated that they somewhat or strongly supported Antifa whereas 33 percent strongly opposed the Antifa while an additional 6 percent somewhat opposed with 39 percent opposing in totality (Sabato, 2017). There is a lot of certainty concerning the Antifa compared to the alt-right group that could have suggested a lack of familiarity with the group itself or even with the group ideals if any. As a result, 32 percent responded that they did not know especially when they were asked of whether they oppose or support to Antifa whereas 23 percent who indicated the same when questioned concerning the alt-right.

An essential concern that the poll sought to assist in clarifying was on whether there was a sizeable section within the American public that was likely to appear receptive to the kinds of messages that were being disseminated with those groups that were associated with either the white supremacy or the alt-right. It is only a small percentage that indicated they did when they were asked on whether they supported the white nationalism or the alt-right. Besides, it is only one-fifth of all the respondents that indicated that they neither opposed nor supported the movements or the groups. A sizable number of the respondents that were selected in the poll neither disagreed nor agreed with the option.

The middling responses appeared remarkable especially given the fact that they do not know responses was still offered and were available because of the controversial and racially charged nature for some of the polled statements. For example, it was found that an individual wished to express the lack of knowledge or uncertainty. It was for this reason that the pollster decided to assess the makeup for either disagreeing or agreeing on respondents during the survey (Sabato, 2017). It was also found that the profile for the respondents was not the same where some of the most notable questions revealed a general trend indicating that the respondents were most probably to have views that were inclined to intolerance compared to being aware from it.

The either disagree or agree respondents were found to be far less probable to condemn the statements that were against the interracial marriage and favored those who preserved the white heritage. Additionally, the nor and the neither were found to be less probably compared to the respondents who felt that the entire races needed to be treated equally or even the minorities who were under attack. In either case, it made the viewpoints for the most congruous with anti-quality and the extremist views compared to the most progressive views.

The far-right parties and the nationalists have made great electoral gains across Europe. For instance, some of them have assumed office while others have emerged the major voice for the opposition while those yet to access political foothold have compelled the centrist leaders to adapt. In other words, the process could be viewed as a backlash against the establishment of politics in the wake of the migrant and the financial crisis (BBC, 2018). Nonetheless, the wave for discontent seems to tap into long-lasting fears concerning the globalization and a weakening of the national identity. There are some popular themes including the Eurosceptic, anti-Islamic rhetoric, and the hostility to immigration although the parties convoluted span for a wide political spectrum.

It was also found that the inconclusive elections coupled with months of uncertainty culminated within the two most popularity parties which were the right wing league and the anti-establishment five-star movements that formed the coalition government in Italy. Therefore, its rise from the political fringes emerged in a country that was strongly hit by the financial crisis that occurred in 2008 and that later became the major destination among the North African Immigrants. The league that was in the past known as the Northern League switched its focus from the early objective for creating a distinct northern state to lead a nation that it once wished to leave.

Germany developed only five years ago where the far right alternative for Germany in 2017 entered the federal parliament in the first time. From the start, the anti-euro party pushed for severe anti-immigrant policies that later tapped in the anxieties because of the Islam influence. The leaders were accused that they restrained the Nazi atrocities. Austria especially the far-right party in surrounding Austria has appreciated improved success compared to the Alternative for Germany (BBC, 2018). The migrant crisis was found just like in Germany as fundamental to success and a great issue that they campaigned on for long. There has been a lot of plan and proposals to seize the immigrant’s phones since the election period.

It was also found that elsewhere in Europe, the immigration rules particularly in Denmark was among the toughest and mirrored the power of the Danish party. The policies are authorized to seize the property of the migrants and pay for their upkeep and have even pledged to enhance the contraception help in the developing countries in order to limit the pressures from the migrants. Besides, the elections that were conducted in 2015, in England revealed that the right wing party emerged second although the presidential election candidate won with a small margin. In essence, the findings resonate with the issue of the resurgence of nationalism as demonstrated in the factual findings.

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION, DISCUSSION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

5.1 Introduction

The study has demonstrated that nationalism cannot be allowed to continue in its present trajectory. Consequently, effective intervention measures have to be taken to address the problem and create opportunities for a more inclusive version of patriotism. The approach will play an instrumental role in creating opportunities for a more effective expression of political identity in the modern society.

5.2 Summary of Findings

The construction of a nation is a man-made endeavor that has a consequential impact on how its people engage with each other (Calhoun, 1998). As a result, nationalism is the consequence of the inherent flaws in the philosophy of the creators of the nation. For instance, the prevalence of nationalism in the United States can be linked to the failure to invite the participation of all groups in the task of imagining the nation. The failure to engage women and minorities in the creation of the United States though a response to the practical realities during independence fed the notion that the United States as a nation is synonymous with whites and their religion.

The rise of nationalism is also a consequence of the nature of leadership that the society has. When faced by internal divisions between the North and the South, President Abraham Lincoln chose to respond by creating a shared vision which embraced universalism in order to keep the United States. As a result, leaders have the opportunity to meet emerging and existing social, cultural and economic challenges by providing a bold political vision, which embraces inclusive patriotism (Joireman, 2003). The approach is essential in enabling the society to harness the best parts of its values and to meet common challenges with unity of purpose.

The findings of the study have highlighted the consequential effects of exclusive nationalism in undermining globalization and cooperation in the society. In effect, it is evident that the resurgence of nationalism is a response to the failure of globalization to create inclusive prosperity in the modern society. The resurgence of nationalism has been facilitated by the anxiety that people have over their future and identity. Nationalism poses the threat of creating an unequal system that may have a disruptive effect on the ability of the society to achieve positive outcomes in its engagement with each other. The causes of nationalism demonstrate that a redefinition of the global economic system and the expansion of opportunities to serve others would have a positive impact on the empowerment and engagement of the people in creating shared growth.

The study has demonstrated that everyone must take responsibility for the resurgence of nationalism. The observation is informed by the recognition of the role of poor political leadership and the flawed economic system in undermining the ability of members of the public to participate in creating opportunities for growth. The inability of the business and political leadership to implement effective intervention measures may undermine the ability of the modern global system to create opportunities for shared growth and prosperity in the United States and around the world. In particular, the 2008 global economic recession led to increased anxiety among the young people that has reduced their support for globalization. However, it is evident that support for nationalism stems from the anxiety of the older people. In particular, white uneducated American men are increasingly anxious over the loss of their identity as their country becomes more diversified with the rise of the Hispanic community set to reduce their majority. Demographic changes are expected to reduce the impact of nationalism in the national political discourse. However, if the needs of all the stakeholders are not addressed the international community faces the threat of an insurgent nationalist movement as communities seek to rally to champion for their causes. The resolution of the key drivers of nationalism requires recognition of the inherent human need for safety, recognition and security among the people. It is also an important response to the rise of national issues in the international community caused by the resurgence of competing visions in the modern society.

5.3 Conclusions

The history of nationalist movements has demonstrated that they lack staying power as the inherent human need for connection and shared belonging and the realities of modern society make isolation a temporary and unrewarding experience. Its limited resources and urgent need for growth and development necessitated the isolation of the United States. However, once it became wealthy it realized looking inwards shrinks its influence and undermines its interests (Serwer, 2017). The extremist expressions of nationalism during the Nazi regime were also defeated by the united response of the international community. As the world faces shared challenges such as climate change and terrorism, the stability and sustainability of individual states will be increasingly dependent on the cooperation of others. Consequently, the present nationalist movement will not last for long due to the necessitates of the society.

The failure to win a supermajority in different countries demonstrates that many people embrace universalism as opposed to nationalism. As a result, an organized response to nationalism is set to result in the resurgence of liberalism in the near future. The narrow success of President Emmanuel Macron demonstrates that nationalism is yet to appeal to a majority of the society. In addition, the success of Trumpism is bound to be limited by the resistance by people who recognize the futility in erecting walls instead of building bridges to new opportunities for the American people and citizens of the world. The painful experience of Britain as it envisions increased autonomy outside Europe has sounded a cautionary tale to many countries that a retreat from the world stage is harmful to their interest. In addition, the continued support for international trade agreements represents recognition among many countries that the individual success and prosperity of a nation is dependent on cooperation with others.

The resurgence of nationalism has been enabled by the inequality that has been enabled by globalization and technological advancements. In addition, it has also been enabled by the lack of engagement and respectful discourse among conservatives and liberals. The partisanship in the United States has undermined the ability of the government to implement bold legislative reforms that are essential to the progress of the society. Moreover, the institutionalization of Citizens United Supreme Court ruling has enabled corporates to exercise greater power in the governance process, undermining the role of the common person. Furthermore, trade treaties and security treaties have also reduced the autonomy of countries. Consequently, addressing the problems that have led to the resurgence of nationalism requires a re-imagining of democracy.

The moderate success of President Barack Obama in championing inclusive patriotism demonstrates that one leader cannot be effective in solving the governance dysfunction that has fed nationalism. Instead, it is evident that elected and business leaders must take the responsibility of addressing the challenges that have caused a resurgence of nationalism. The 2008 global financial crisis reduced public confidence in the government and the private sector. The vacuum in inspired leadership for the people has contributed towards the rise of nationalism in the modern society. As a result, it is imperative for the society to implement effective intervention measures to create opportunities for inclusive ownership of the challenges and opportunities in the modern society.

Many people have failed to appreciate the importance of a shared emotional bond and moral will in sustaining the durability of a nation. In the modern society, polarization has weakened the will of the people to engage with each as an increasing number of things become sources of separation as opposed to uniting factors. For instance, the Gulf War and the war on terror has been the cause of division. In addition, the rise of same-sex practices and their legalization has caused division among liberals. Individualization has also led to the weakening of the ties that bind communities together (Serwer, 2017). As a result, people have lost the unity of purpose that enabled them to be connected together. The increased reduction in the role of the common person in the decision-making process has also caused many of them to become disconnected from their government. Many elected leaders lack the close connection with their communities and have a reduced role in the decision-making process as strategic agreements shift power to institutions such as the World Trade Union while the centralization of authority has given the President and federal agencies the ability to make policies that affect the everyday lives of the people. In addition, the reduction of state power and the low approval rating of Congress mean that people feel disconnected from the authorities who make decisions, which have an effect on their lives. Consequently, white nationalism seems like an appealing response to earn their power back from the institutions, which have taken it away from them.

In spite of the divisions, which seem to divide the United States, it is evident that the country has the capacity for the expression of inclusive patriotism among its people. It is evident that the people recognize the inherent challenges in failing to meet shared challenges with a unity of purpose. After the September 11 attack, Americans across ethnic divides shared a patriotic response to the act of terror in their homeland. In addition, inclusive patriotism is evident every time the country experiences mass shooting or natural disasters. As a result, it is evident that the people have the capacity to embrace inclusive patriotism. The election of President Obama relied on a coalition of different ethnic groups. However, his poor performance among white uneducated men in both the 2008 and 2008 and their support for ultra-nationalist ideas demonstrate that the biggest constituency for the nationalist movement is white uneducated men who feel that they are being left behind by a changing social and economic environment.

The study has demonstrated that the lack of empathy with the concerns of the minority groups in the society may have an adverse effect on the ability of the modern states to create inclusive patriotism. The failure to understand the anxiety of the people who are advocating for exclusive patriotism means that many people are seeking to resolve the issue of nationalism with a clear understanding of what will be required to earn the confidence and support of all the participants. The institutionalization of inclusive patriotism will require an appeal to the shared values that bind the United States with other nations as they sought to meet shared threats and take advantage of emerging opportunities. However, the rise of corporate power in the modern business environment has undermined the ability of members of the society to achieve their goals.

The challenges in addressing the problem of nationalism can be linked to the confluence of multiple cultural, social, economic and political issues that cause the opposition to inclusive patriotism. In particular, the participation of racist groups has undermined the image of nationalists in the modern society.

5.4 Discussion

The breakdown of the family unit, being the basic social unit, has a direct impact on the resurgence of nationalism. The family is the primary provider of identity for members of the society. In the face of broken or weakened family ties, many people look to their nation to provide the sense of identity, which they need to achieve a holistic experience. However, their search for shared identity is limited to people who look like them, have the same social-cultural background, beliefs and aspirations. Their search for identity fails to account for the multiethnic nature of the modern state. As a result, they are disillusioned by the immigrants, LGBTQ and minority racial groups that have formed their nation (Sabato, 2017). The failure to identify with these groups causes many people to feel that they are losing their country and their identity. As a result, their response to the resurgence of nationalism poses a threat to the ability of the society to achieve inclusive nationalism and provides an enabling environment for the resurgence of nationalism (Breuilly, 1994). The observation has demonstrated the need to have a redefinition of the family unit in order to reduce the disillusionment of many people with it. Expanding the traditional definition of family will create opportunities for people to have a shared identity that will be instrumental in creating an inclusive society.

Presently, nationalist seem to be winning the ability to shape the future due to the reluctance of liberals to participate in shaping the future of nationalism. In the United States, Veneueza, Poland, China and Moscow the ruling class has sought to enhance nationalism in a bid to stir patriotism and support their authority. However, it is unlikely that the movement will continue to succeed in the long-term as the society continue to evolve and the people seek a more inclusive vision. In addition, the inability of nationalists to deliver an easy solution to the social-economic challenges facing the people may have an adverse effect on their ability to maintain public support (Smith, 1998). Most nationalist governments and parties have promised their supporters increased quality of life by turning inwards. The inescapable failure of this policy approach will create an opportunity for liberals and universalism to take the lead in shaping the governance of societies. The resurgence of universalism will differ in each society based on the strength of their democratic institutions. For example, the nationalist movement is bound to last longer in Russia and China in the United States.

Nationalism is a statement of mind, making it responsive to the prevailing factors in the social-economic and cultural environment of a person. As the Hispanic community continues to increase in the United States, so will also be the acceptance among whites that they are a part of the American society. In addition, an economic boom and the increasing resolution of cultural challenges are bound to reduce the tensions which are diving many members of the society. However, the replacement of nationalism must be an inclusive approach for it to prevent a recurrence of this movement in the future. The rise and fall of nationalism is a cause and effect function that is responsive to changes in the social –economic environment.

Politicians will continue to use nationalism in their pursuit of public office because it is a powerful tool. It is also important for members of the society and policy makers to recognize that it is capable of resulting in armed conflict and ethnic cleansing in spite of the relative stability in Western societies. As a result, the phenomenon should invite urgent and effective policy response from all stakeholders. In addition, a continued indulgence of the most extreme forms of white nationalism poses the risk of continued societal disintegration

The cooption of nationalism can be effective in enabling organizations to tap into the most positive elements of nationalism. It can be used to enhance a unity of purpose in the pursuit of shared objectives (Smith & Berger, 1999). It will also create opportunities for the people to achieve desirable outcomes. The observation highlights the need for a bold vision that will inspire members of the community to engage in a shared endeavor. Nationalism can enhance the mobilization of the people to resolve shared challenges. Pride in their countries can be used to create a new society that values the individuality of a person without losing the shared connection, which binds the people.

The resurgence of the American Dream can replace the toxic nationalism that is now in effect in the country due to the leadership of President Donald Trump. The American Dream is the belief that any person can pursue happiness, achieve their social-economic goals if they believe in themselves, and have the audacity to go after their dreams (Serwer, 2017). The loss in faith in the American Dream has coincided with the rise in nationalism across the country. Consequently, the government and the private sector should collaborate to address systemic social and economic challenges that have inhibited the ability of ordinary Americans to achieve social-economic progression. Creating opportunities for individuals to lift themselves and their family from poverty requires the reinvention of the American Dream and a commitment among the people to participate in the recreation of the American society.

The study has demonstrated the importance of implementing effective intervention measures to address the inherent challenges facing political leaders and international institutions as they seek to create effective intervention measures, which can have an adverse effect on stability in the modern society. The rise of nationalism is both a national and international trade. The international community is increasingly dependent on the collaboration of other countries to achieve desirable outcomes in creating opportunities for shared growth and prosperity. The success of the modern society requires the movement of goods and ideas across national boundaries. The resurgence of nationalism threatens to turn many countries towards embracing isolation, which would have an adverse effect on the sustainability of the global economic system. The decision by President Trump to impose a tariff on steel and aluminum from other countries other than Mexico and Canada threatens to push the world into a trade war. The outcome would have an adverse effect on the growth and stability of the global economy. It could also contribute towards the achievement of adverse effects that are also counterproductive to the nations, which implemented them. The sustainability of the free market is also in doubt as nations such as the United States embraces a more isolationist stance. The push towards the isolation of the United States highlights the flawed basis upon which nationalism is constructed.

The resurgence of nationalism threatens to have an adverse effect on the ability of democratic leaders to exercise their authority in creating positive change in the society. The increasing polarization in the modern society and the rise of nationalism would undermine the ability of political leader to engage in constructive governance. In Italy, the rise of nationalist parties has aggravated the unstable political situation in the country. It has reduced the willingness of Italy to collaborate with the rest of Europe in addressing shared challenges and taking advantage of the emerging opportunities for mutual collaboration among the community of nations.

The study has demonstrated that the anxiety associated with the evolving social-economic, cultural and political factors have a direct impact on the support for nationalism among the people. The inability of the political leadership to hold an honest and timely discussion with their electorate about the shared challenges and opportunities in the society has contributed towards the rise of resurgence. As a result, the rise of nationalism in can be linked to the failure of leadership and the inability of political leaders to communicate with empathy to the people. Overcoming the problem of nationalism requires a reevaluation of the international global and economic system with the goal of creating a more effective and equal society. As the international community addresses the social, cultural, economic and political factors that are responsible for creating anxiety among the people, it is expected that nationalism will recede and patriotism will increase as people take more positive pride in their citizenship and reduce their reliance on the adoption of exclusive patriotism.

5.5 Suggestions for Future Research

Future studies should evaluate the impact that the automation of work will have on nationalism. The increased reliance on robotics is set to reduce employment opportunities for a growing global population. The loss of work could contribute towards the rise of the factors that cause nationalism.

Future researchers should evaluate the evolution of the resurgence of nationalism and the variables that will determine its direction. Monitoring and evaluating the staying power of the resurgence of nationalism will provide an effective framework for understanding the rise and fall of nationalism in the modern society.

Researchers should evaluate the causes for the prevalence of nationalism in rural white communities as opposed to urban areas. In addition, they should examine its appeal among war veterans in the United States. The study will enable the researcher to identify the impact of disillusionment with the policies of the government on the willingness of a person to be embracing white nationalism.

Future studies should also seek to identify how the nationalist movement has used social platforms to gain influence in the American society. In addition, it should highlight its performance and impact in elections in the United States since 1990. The approach will play an integral role in enabling researchers to determine if the movement has the institutional tools and resources, which are essential in determining its sustainability as a part of modern society.

Future studies should focus on the impact of economic performance of countries and their attitudes towards immigration in the society. The approach will provide an opportunity to test the hypothesis that resistance towards immigration is rooted in the anxiety of the people over the sustainability of their economies. It will also highlight the failure of leadership among political leaders and the government in communicating about the role of immigrants in the national economy.

Studies in the future should explore the impact of the resurgence of nationalism on the role of the United States and its influence in the modern society. The United States has cultivated networks due to its soft and hard power to champion the rise of free trade across the world. However, the resurgence of nationalism threatens to undermine the image of the United States. Consequently, effective intervention measures should be taken to create an inclusive system that contributes towards the growth and prosperity of the modern society. Future studies should examine the ability of other countries to take on the responsibility of leading the free world.

The suggestions for future studies provide an effective framework for understanding the impact of intersectionality theory on the resurgence of nationalism. The rise of nationalism was dependent on the identified variables in this study. As a result, future research should focus on the factors that affect the prevalence of those variables.

5.6 Conclusion

The study has highlighted the resurgence of nationalism in different parts of the world. In particular, it has demonstrated the factors that have fueled its rise in the United States and how they are replicated across Western countries. The resurgence of white nationalism can be linked to the loss of blue-collar jobs and the rise of globalization, which has taken power away from the direct representatives of the people to institutions. Consequently, it is evident that a reinvention of the democratic governance system is critical in enabling the society to overcome the challenges, which are associated with the rise of nationalism. However, it is evident that nationalism shall not last as the pressure for cooperation in sharing common challenges facing the international community and the need to take advantage of new opportunities grows. In particular, the ageing of the American society will result in increased acceptance of immigration as an effective tool for the country to meet its need for cheap labor. The public on nationalism and its role in the modern society is expected to form the basis for an effective resolution of the issues that have driven the adoption of nationalism in the modern society.

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