powerpoint slide on discrimination against persons with disabilities using mezza, micro, macro in social work
gavbekay3Scholar Practitioners: APA, Library Skills, Scholarly Writing
Topics
Scholarly and graduate-level writing
APA style
Paraphrasing
Plagiarism
What Is Scholarly and Graduate-Level Writing?
Process by which scholars communicate, share, and evaluate information
Tone of writing is serious, formal, neutral, professional, and informed
Claims are substantiated using information that is credible (e.g., from academic, peer-reviewed journals)
What Is a Scholarly Voice?
Scholarly Voice
Formality
Neutrality
Informed using evidence
Clear and direct statements
Formality: Word Choice
Formal and precise language
Avoid slang, colloquialisms, and clichés.
The kids said the test was a piece of cake.
The students said the test was easy.
Avoid metaphors and similes.
The patient was sick as a dog.
The patient was diagnosed with severe pneumonia.
Avoid contractions.
James hasn’t ever missed a day of school.
James has never missed a day of school.
Formality: Point of View
Avoid the second person (you/your).
You need to be aware of your treatment options. →
Patients need to be aware of their treatment options.
Avoid the general we (or us or our).
We are responsible for our children’s well-being. →
Parents are responsible for their children’s well-being.
Use the first person (I/me/my) only as appropriate.
This paper will discuss…→ In this paper, I will discuss…
The data will be collected.→ I will collect the data.
The scholar will argue… → I will argue…
Not appropriate: I found several studies that suggested…
Not appropriate: I think that all politicians are corrupt.
Neutrality
Avoid opinion statements.
I think/I feel/I believe
Avoid: I think childhood obesity is a major concern.
Better: Childhood obesity is a major concern.
Best: Childhood obesity is a major concern, as 17% of children in America are obese (CDC, 2012).
Neutrality
Avoid generalizations.
Avoid: Children do not get enough exercise.
Better: Many children do not get enough exercise.
Best: According to the CDC (2012), in 2011, only 29% of high school students received the recommended amount of exercise, defined as at least one hour per day.
Clear and Direct Statements
The simpler the better!
Avoid: There are 60 individuals who participated in the study and responded to the survey.
Better: Sixty participants responded to the survey.
Avoid: How to address the achievement gap in the most effective way has been argued and debated by scholars.
Better: Scholars have debated the most effective way to address the achievement gap.
Using Evidence
Supports your central argument throughout your paper
Demonstrates your scholarly credibility
Every sentence that uses information from a source must include a citation.
Cite credible sources
Quality of Evidence
Strong | Weak |
Articles from peer-reviewed journals Peer-reviewed or scholarly books Scholarly websites | Wikis or blogs Newspapers Magazines Popular books General websites Encyclopedias |
Walden Resources on Scholarly Writing
Walden University Writing Center. (2017c). Scholarly writing: Overview. Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/scholarly
Demonstration of Scholarly Communication at Walden University
Discussion postings
Assignments
We will begin to use an example of a Discussion Post for you to practice.
Example: Discussion Question Instructions
Review the Discussion Post Sample Handout
How Do You Begin?
Use the instructions for discussion question postings and assignments as a checklist for all that needs to be covered.
Draft an outline.
Make sure there is an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.
Introduction, Body and Conclusion
Writing Introductions Walden University Writing Center. (2017e). Writing a paper: Introductions. Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/writingprocess/introductions
Writing Conclusions Walden University Writing Center. (2017d). Writing a paper: Conclusions. Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/writingprocess/conclusions
Walden Resources on Outlining
Writing Outlines Walden University Writing Center. (2017f). Writing a paper: Outlining. Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/writingprocess/outlining
Practice, Practice, and More Practice
Using your research problem and the refined question you developed in Week 4, develop two sampling structures: probability and non-probability.
Explain who would be included in each sample and how each sample would be selected.
Be specific about the sampling structures you chose, evaluating both strengths and limitations of each.
What might your outline look like?
Example of an Outline
Introduction
A. Main premise
B. Goal of the posting
II. Probability sampling
A. Definition
B. Application to the proposed study
C. Advantages and disadvantages
III. Non-probability sampling
A. Definition
B. Application to the proposed study
C. Advantages and disadvantages
IV. Conclusion
Practice, Practice, and More Practice
Deconstruct the Discussion Post
Do you see the introduction? Of what does it consist?
Do you see the body? Of what does it consist?
Do you see the conclusion?
Does the outline match the instructions for the discussion question?
How formal is the language?
How neutral is the language?
What is the quality of the evidence?
APA Style Refresher
Citations
References
What Is This APA?
Think of it as a communication tool
“APA Style® originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension” (APA, 2017).
References
America Psychological Association (2017). What is APA style? Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-apa-style.aspx
Citations
Citations
In-text citations
Smith’s (2012) study showed that APA was students’ favorite citation style.
According to Zuckerman (2012), APA triggers more neurons in the brain than footnotes.
Parenthetical citations
APA makes the world a better place (Grammer, 2012).
NO: (Grammer, 2012) said that APA makes the world a better place.
Citation With Direct Quotation
Direct quotations
According to Oyler (2012), “Citations help one’s reader to better understand the origin of material” (p. 12).
To become a stronger writer, one must begin “by tackling the ominous stare of the blank computer screen” (Powet, 2012, para. 4).
Citation Variations
An organization: (US Bank, 2005)
No author: (“Without Identity,” 2002)
Secondary source: Cosby (as cited in Nash, 2007)
Walden University Resources on APA
Walden University Writing Center. (2017a). APA style: Overview. Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/apa
Click on APA Style
Scroll down to “Getting Started with APA Style”
Templates
APA checklist
Webinars
APA Scavenger Hunt
Practice, Practice, and More Practice
Deconstruct the Discussion Post
What is the APA in-text citation error you see in the introduction? What should it look like?
What is the APA in-text citation error you see in the second paragraph? What should it look like?
What is the APA in-text citation error you see in the third paragraph? What should it look like?
References
Common References
Poe, E., & Lee, A. (1847). Good poetry and one-syllable surnames. Journal of Really Nothing, 4(2), 23–45. doi:107897830
Nadeau, N. (2012). Rapping with Seoul. Funtown, MN: Too Cool Press.
Common References
U.S. Department of Education. (2007). Reconstructing the educational system: Guidelines from trial and error. Retrieved from http://www.ed.gov/ficticioussite
Practice, Practice, and More Practice
Deconstruct the reference list in the Discussion Post Sample handout.
What APA errors do you see in the reference list of the discussion post?
How would you fix it?
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing
Your Mind = Funnel
Terms
Ideas
Themes
PARAPHRASE
Consequences of Using Too Many Direct Quotes
Your voice gets lost
Cannot evaluate if you truly understand
Paraphrasing
Strategies
Reread until you relax.
Look up from the screen.
Be selective: Do you need to paraphrase the entire source?
Change the structure, then the words.
Practice, Practice, and More Practice
Deconstruct the Discussion Post
Would you use a direct quote? Why or why not?
How would you paraphrase and cite it?
Walden Resources on Paraphrasing
Walden University Writing Center. (2017g). Using evidence: Effective paraphrasing strategies. Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/evidence/paraphrase/effective
Plagiarism
What Is Plagiarism?
Using other people’s words, ideas, images, data, etc., without proper attribution
How to Avoid It
Do
Paraphrase
Restructure the entire sentence
Give credit to any ideas that are not your own
Use plagiarism detection software
Don’t
Just insert synonyms
Forget your citations
Plagiarism Software — Your Friend
Plagiarism tools are available in your online classroom, and you may be able to access others elsewhere
Walden Resources About Plagiarism
Walden University Writing Center. (2017b). Modules: Plagiarism prevention modules. Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/modules/plagiarism
Recap
Be sure to outline.
Keep your tone formal and neutral and your sentences simple.
Include APA citations in every sentence that includes information from your sources.
Cite all sources in your reference list.
Paraphrase
Plagiarism software is your friend.
Remember that writing is a process!
References
Amsberry, D. (2010). Deconstructing plagiarism: International students and textual borrowing practices. The Reference Librarian, 51(1), 31–44. doi:10.1080/02763870903362183
Duff, H. A., Rogers, D. P., & Harris, M. B. (2006). International engineering students—avoiding plagiarism through understanding the Western academic context of scholarship. European Journal of Engineering Education, 31(6), 673–681. doi:10.1080/03043790600911753
Hayes, N., & Introna, L. D. (2005). Cultural values, plagiarism, and fairness: When plagiarism gets in the way of learning. Ethics & Behavior, 15(3), 213–231. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb1503_2
Heitman, E., & Litewka, S. (2011). Seminar article: International perspectives on plagiarism and considerations for teaching international trainees. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 29(1), 104–108. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.09.014