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HSTR265B.Week11.Detailedlectureoutlines.pdf

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Week 11 (Mar. 17/18/20) China’s Turn to Reforms

REQUIRED READING: Fairbank and Goldman, China, 378-80, 395-397, 406-429; Ebrey,

Chinese Civilization, sections 95-99.

(Due to class cancellation in week 2, this weekly schedule of lectures is different from that

in the syllabus; Due to the cancellation of face-to-face instruction, the detailed lecture

outlines will help you complete the scheduled readings and prepare for the final exam)

Sino-Soviet and Sino-West Relations (Mar. 17)

1. The Sino-Soviet Split

: Why USSR tuned from the chief ally of Mao’s China into its No. 1 enemy?

A. Mao’s Chinese communism vs. Stalin

*Mao in Moscow:

-Signed Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance & Mutual Assistance 1950-

中苏友好同盟互助条约 *USSR loan to China: $300 million in 1950 (added $130 million in 1954)

*1390 Soviet specialists helped 156 industrial projects in China

- PRC’s price for the treaty in the Korean War: $ 1.35 billion + 1 million casualties

B. Mao’s global communism vs. Moscow (cause 1 for Sino-Soviet split)

-Mao’s 2nd visit to Moscow

*for the 40th anniversary of Russian revolution

*for 76 communist parties’ meeting

*Mao: “East wind prevails over West wind” 东风压倒西风: Aggressive policy toward the West

-Khrushchev: 3 “peaceful”policies: *Peaceful coexistence of socialist-capitalist blocs

*Peaceful competition between socialist-capitalist blocs

*Peaceful transition from capitalist to socialist regime (led by communist parties in the West)

C. Mao’s nationalism vs. USSR (cause 2 for Sino-Soviet split)

*Imperial Russia seized 1,520,000 km2 from Qing China 1858-1881

-Khrushchev’s plan for Sino-Soviet fleet of submarines 1958

*Mao’s rejection of the plan for fear of USSR’s control over China’s coastline

*USSR withdrew Soviet specialists for 156 industrial projects in China 1960

-Sino-Soviet border clashes for 4,189 times 1964-1969

- Sino-Soviet clashes over Zhenbao Island/Manchuria 珍宝岛/(Damansky Island in Russian) *Clash on March 2, 1969: Chinese offensive and 7 casualties of Soviet border patrol

*Soviet counterattack on March 15, 1969: 60 Soviet casualties/ 800 Chinese casualties

*Nixon rejected Brezhnev’s plan for joint US-USSR nuclear attack on China 1969

2. The Sino-West Rapprochement

-Mao/Edgar Snow meeting Oct. 1969

*PM Pierre Trudeau: Recognized PRC 1970

*PM Zhou Enlai met US table tennis team Apr. 1971

-U.S. National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger’s secret visit to Beijing July 1971

*President Nixon’s visit to China Feb. 1972

: Why US tuned from No. 1 enemy of Mao’s China into its major Western ally?

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Discussion: Communist views on China (Mar. 18)

(No face-to-face discussion; Submit a reading note to the coursespace as proof of your

participation in discussion & as answer to your group’s discussion question on March. 18)

-The following notice for two bonus marks in the second round of discussions also appeared in

Weeks 9 & 10 Lecture outlines:

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For the 2nd round of discussions and presentations, each student will receive a maximum

of 2.5 marks, plus 2 bonus marks, if she or he also submits one page of reading note (typed

double-spaced) on March 11th, and another one on March 18th.

A. The reading note can use point-format to answer the question for a specific group on

the specific date (see course outline, pp. 5-6).

B. On the second half page of your reading note, quote evidence (several sentences) for

your points from Fairbank and Goldman’s textbook (with page numbers), and from at

least TWO SOURCES in Ebrey’s Chinese Civilization (with page numbers of the

book, no need for footnotes).

C. Under each quotation, use 1-2 short sentences to explain its meanings and relations

with your point-format answers.

Late submission is not accepted. For any student who misses the 2nd-round discussions, she or he

could lose a maximum of 4.5 marks (4.5 % of final grade).

China’s Economic and Political Reforms (Mar. 20)

: What led to post-Mao’s reforms under Deng Xiaoping (Hsiao-p’ing)?

Deng’s policy: Reform (改革)+ Open-door (开放) -Nixon’s visit to China 2/1972

*US recognized PRC 1/1972

*Deng’s visit to US 1/1979

-World Bank report (1997): PRC’s 2-decade economic growth: + 10% /year 1978-1997

*Deng Xiaoping (Hsiao-p’ing 邓小平 1904-97): [ruled behind screen as CCP’s military leader] Vice Chairman of CCP’s Military Commission 1977-1981

Chairman of CCP’s Military Commission 1981-1989

-Hua Guofeng (华国锋 1921-2008): CCP’s Chairman 主席 1976-1981

*Hu Yaobang (胡耀邦 1915-89): CCP’s General secretary 总书记 1981-1987

*Zhao Ziyang 赵紫阳: General secretary 1987-1989

1. Economic Reform ______

A. Rural reforms ______

-End Mao-style people’s communes

-Adopt household responsibility system:

*Peasant families: Use of state-controlled land/Responsible for tax/grain procurement for state

*Grain production increased by 49 % 1978-84

-Labor saving of peasants from 300 days to 60 working days per year

*Peasants’ freedom to work in sideline production & in cities for extra income

: Why rural reforms were so simple but so successful?

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B. Urban Reforms 1979-1989-

a. Development of private business: From 0% to 21% of China’s GNP 1979-1985

b. Development of foreign ventures

-Four special economic zones on coastline near Taiwan/Macao/Hong Kong 1979-

*For the purpose of getting foreign capital/learning foreign technology/promoting foreign trade

*Foreign capital investment in China: $ U.S. $ 5.2 billion -1986

*Foreign ventures in China: 6,000 -1986

-Problem 1: *Income inequality between employees between private/foreign ventures

and state-owned enterprises

c. Industrial reform of state-owned enterprises

-Industrial responsibility system 1978-

*Enterprises free to produce profitable products (beyond state plans)

reward managers/employees (beyond low/static salary)

hire employees from market (rather than accept assigned workers)

*Responsible for paying state tax from emprises’ profits

-Problem 2:

*Unemployment (enterprises ended life-long secure employment/laid off unnecessary workers)

d. Price reform 价格改革 [Enterprises were still unprofitable because state set unchangeable prices]

-State lifted price control over 100,000 items of goods 1983

-Problem 3: Inflation

*price rose by 26% 1988

: Why urban reforms were so complicated and problematic?

2. Political reforms

-Toward Collective leadership instead of Deng Xiaoping’s personal dictatorship

*Deng Xiaoping (Hsiao-p’ing 邓小平 1904-97): [ruled behind screen as CCP’s military leader] Vice Chairman of CCP’s Military Commission 1977-1981

Chairman of CCP’s Military Commission 1981-1989

*Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦: General secretary 1981-87

*Zhao Ziyang 赵紫阳: General secretary 1987-89 -Toward rule of law and banned mass movements

: Why political reforms could not stop CCP’s official corruption?

*Student protests for free elections and CCP’s suppression 1986-87

*General Secretary Hu Yaobang was criticized for liberalism & tolerance of students

*Zhao Ziyang as CCP’s general secretary

3. The Tian’anmen Square incident 天安门事件 1989

: Was the May 4th Movement of 1919 a democratic movement?

Was the student protest of 1989 a democratic movement?

-The Tian’anmen Square incident at 3 stages: 1) Hu’s memorial service & Beijing student protest 4/17-26, 1989

-Hu Yaobang’s death 4/15, 1989

*Students’ memorial service for Hu/strike 4/17,1989-

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*Students led strike and demanded reverse of CCP’s verdict against Hu in 1986

Protest against official corruption (e.g. the oldest son of Deng Xiaoping)

2) People’s Daily editorial & nationwide student protest 4/26-5/20, 1989

-Deng Xiaoping & PM Li Peng 李鹏: People’s Daily editorial: Accusing students’ strikes as “anti-CCP conspiracy ” 4/26, 1989

-Gen. Secretary Zhao Ziyang’s dissent speech: “Students’ strikes for patriotism” 5/4, 1989

-Students’ hunger strike in Tian’anmen Square

*Nationwide protests: Demanded reversing People’s Daily editorial verdict against students

3) Beijing’s martial law & military crackdown 5/20-6/4, 1989

-PM Li Peng issued Beijing marshal law 5/20, 1989

*Popular block of PLA’s entry into Beijing for reversing the marshal law

-Military crackdown of students’ protests 6/3-4, 1989

*The Tian’anmen Square Massacre? Major massacres before PLA reached Tian’anmen

-Death toll

*NY Times reports: Reducing from 3,000 to 400 student deaths

*PRC official report (6/6, 1989): 23 student deaths+180 civilian deaths

150 PLA deaths

Did the students’ protest of 1989 pursue true Chinese democracy (a representative

government by the people, of the people, and for the people)?

The lecture “Between Four & Five Modernizations” is cancelled and its contents will be

incorporated into other lectures.