Earthquakes and Volcanoe exam

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eaps116_sp2021_exam2_studyguide.pdf

Study Guide Exam 2 1. Hazard Analysis and Mitigation - Resilience 2. Interior Structure of the Earth - Crust, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Core - Continental crust vs. oceanic crust - Density contrasts - Seismic discontinuities - Major boundaries in the Earth - Seismic wave shadows - Seismic reflection and refraction - Tomography 3. Intraplate Earthquakes - Differences from earthquakes in active tectonic regions - Where intraplate earthquakes occur - Possible reasons why intraplate earthquakes occur 4. 1964 Alaska Earthquake - Major features of the earthquake (e.g. tectonic setting, type of fault…) - Damage from the earthquake - Primary vs. Secondary effects - Local vs. far field effects - Lessons learned from the 1964 earthquake – impact on tectonic theory 5. 1700 Cascadia Earthquake

- Evidence found in Cascadia that there had been a large earthquake - Records of an orphan tsunami in Japan - How the earthquake evidence was tied to the tsunami records in Japan - Estimating the size of the 1700 earthquake - Evaluating hazards of the Cascadia Subduction Zone in the present day 6. Mythology about Volcanoes - Pele - Vulcan - Jealous love triangles – New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest 7. Volcanoes that changed human history - Tambora: Year without a summer, famine, migration, literature - White River: migration - Thera/Santorini: the myth of Atlantis 8. Anatomy of a volcano – what are the parts of a volcano? - Magma vs. Lava - Tehpra - Magma chamber/conduit - Eruption Column/Cloud 9. Volcano Shapes and Types - Angle of Repose

- Why do the volcanoes have the slope/shape they do? How do they form? - Cinder Cones - Shield Volcano - Stratovolcano - Fissure - Calderas – how they form, where they form - Domes - Tuya - Comparison of volcano types – how do they compare in size (height and volume) and shape? 10. Volcanoes and Tectonic Settings - The Ring of Fire – where is it, what is it - Volcanoes at Oceanic-Ocean settings - Volcanoes at Oceanic-Continental settings - Volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges - Volcanoes at rifts - Volcanoes associated with hot spots - Large Igneous Provinces/Flood Basalts 11. Where does magma come from? - What is magma, what is it made out of - Density, Bouyancy, and Mantle Convection - How magma is generated - Wet Partial Melting - Decompression Melting - What does each do and where do they happen? 12. Types of magmas - The concept of weight percent, applied to mineral content - Magma composition classified by weight percent silicia - Basalt, Andesite, Dacite, Rhyolite - Mafic, Intermediate, Felsic - Properties of different magma compositions - density, viscosity, temperature - Factors that control magma composition - the concept of partial melting - assimilation – influence of surrounding rock - magma - fractional crystallization – melting points

Volcano Pore Pressure Cone Moho Magma Lithosphere Lava Asthenosphere Tephra Mantle Angle of Repose Outer Core Cinder Cone Inner Core Shield Volcano Shadow Zone Stratovolcano Fissure Caldera Dome Tuya Ring of Fire Large Igneous Provinces/Flood Basalts Hot spot Convection Density Viscosity Wet Partial Melting Decompression Melting Weight Percent Mineral Basalt Andesite Dacite Rhyolite Mafic Intermediate Felsic Partial Melting Fractional Crystallization Melting Points Paleoseismology Subsidence Ghost forest Resilience Reflection Refraction Seismic Ray Seismic Discontinuity Intraplate Zones of weakness Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Denudation Induced Seismicity

Guiding Questions How can communities improve their ability to recover quickly from an earthquake? How have volcanic eruptions influenced human history? What are the various types of volcanic landforms? Where and how does magma originate? What processes lead to melting of the Earth’s mantle? How is the generation of magma related to plate tectonic environment? What are the different families/groups of magma and how can they be distinguished? What processes and factors influence magma composition? Make of list of some of the major earthquakes we’ve discussed. What were the effects of these earthquakes? What can seismology tell us about the internal structure of the Earth? What is the seismic evidence for the existence of the crust, mantle, and core of the Earth?