Case study
Salman Wahid
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CDU APA 6th
Referencing Style Guide (February 2019 version)
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Contents
APA Fundamentals .......................................................................................... 3
Reference List ................................................................................................... 3
Citing in the text ............................................................................................... 5
Paraphrase ................................................................................................... 5
Direct quotes................................................................................................. 5
Secondary source .......................................................................................... 6
Personal communications............................................................................. 6
Examples .......................................................................................................... 7
Book .............................................................................................................. 7
eBook ............................................................................................................ 7
Journal article with doi ................................................................................ 7
Journal article without doi ........................................................................... 7
Web page ...................................................................................................... 7
Books - print and online ................................................................................... 8
Single author ................................................................................................ 8
eBook/electronic book ................................................................................ 11
Journal articles, Conference papers and Newspaper articles ........................ 13
Multimedia ..................................................................................................... 16
YouTube or Streaming video ..................................................................... 16
Online images ................................................................................................. 17
Web sources and online documents ................................................................ 20
Web page .................................................................................................... 20
Document from a website ........................................................................... 21
Legislation and cases ...................................................................................... 23
Common abbreviations .................................................................................. 24
Appendix 1: How to write an APA reference when information is missing .. 25
Appendix 2: Author layout for in-text citations ............................................. 26
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APA Fundamentals
Reference List
The reference list identifies the items cited in a document in enough detail, so they can be located by another person. The elements required for a reference list are outlined below:
• The reference list appears at the end of the article/report/document, starting on a new page.
• The reference list is headed by the title References, centred and bold.
• The reference list is organised in alphabetical order by first named authors or title if there is no author (ignore the words ‘A’, ‘An’, and ‘The’ when alphabetising by title). See “How do I…?” on the APA Referencing Guide.
• Each reference should be separated from the next reference by one empty line.
• All references should have a hanging indent (of 5-7 spaces) for the second and subsequent lines of each entry. See “How do I…?” on the APA Referencing Guide.
• Remove hyperlinks from URLs and DOIs. See “How do I…?” on the APA Referencing Guide.
• When the reference entry includes a URL that must be divided between two lines, break it before a slash or dash or at
another logical division point. i.e.: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/mf/4102.0/opendocument#frombanner=LN /socialtrends/Australia/Northern Territory
• Capitalisation in APA style is very specific. In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters, books, reports and webpage titles, capitalise only the first letter of the first word of the title, the sub title and any proper nouns. For journal titles you must capitalise the first letter of every word (except for words like ‘in’, ‘at’, ‘of’, ‘the’)
• Italicise book titles, journal titles, and volume numbers. Do NOT italicise issue numbers.
• References cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal
communications and entire websites; they are cited in text only and are not included in the reference list.
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• Use only the initial(s) of the author’s given name(s), not the full name. E.g. Robert Mark Smith will appear as Smith, R. M.
• If no date is listed on a resource, use n.d. (no date) instead. Example of citation: (Author, n.d.) / Example of reference: Author. (n.d.). Title. Retrieved from URL
• If the reference list includes 2 or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological order with the earliest first: Reference: Jones, J. (2012). Travel tips. Retrieved from URL In-text citation: (Jones, 2012) Reference: Jones, J. (2016). Worst holidays ever. Retrieved from URL In-text citation: (Jones, 2016) If the sources were published by the same author in the same year add a letter after the date in-text and in the reference: Reference: Smith, J. (2014a). Best food ever. Retrieved from URL In-text citation: (Smith, 2014a) Reference: Smith, J. (2014b). Chocolate is great. Retrieved from URL In-text citation: (Smith, 2014b) If the sources were published by the same author, and don’t have a date, use (n.d.) and list as follows: Reference: St John. (n.d.-a). Burns. Retrieved from URL In-text citation: (St John, n.d.-a) Reference: St John. (n.d.-b). Scalds. Retrieved from URL In-text citation: (St John, n.d.-b)
• Place of publication: Follow the city name with the abbreviation for the state or the full name of the country, e.g. Melbourne, Vic., or London, England. If you do not have the city, use the state, e.g. NSW, Australia
• If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is listed on an electronic source it is included in the reference. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that is used to identify a certain source (typically journal articles). It is often found on the first page of an article. An acceptable DOI does not include any CDU or ‘ezproxy’ information:
▪ Acceptable DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014 - see ‘Journal article online: with doi’ (p. 13) http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014 - see ‘Journal article online: with doi’ (p. 13) doi:10.1037/arc0000014 - see ‘Journal article with doi’ (p. 7)
▪ Not acceptable DOI: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/10.1016/j.colegn.2015.09.002
• If the article doesn’t have a DOI then provide the URL. E.g. Retrieved from http://pit.sagepub.com/lookup/pmid =272
• It is possible to use an abbreviated version of an organisational author in text, but you must use it in full the first time. In-text example: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014). Use square brackets if it is within parentheses. In your reference list use the full name of the author.
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Citing in the text
The purpose of citing in-text is to provide brief information about the source used. The complete information about the source is listed in the alphabetical list of references at the end of the document.
Paraphrase When paraphrasing only include author and year in your citation – e.g. (Jones, 2015). However, your lecturer may request you include a page number in your citation – e.g. (Jones, 2015, p. 3).
Direct quotes
When you use a direct quotation in your writing you must enclose the quote in double quotation marks and cite the source including page numbers.
For example:
Issues surround the imitation of real world buildings as they “serve the important function of grounding users’ expectations and providing affordances for them to effectively move through space, they can also be limiting” (Ball & Bainbridge, 2008, p. 118).
Block Quotes If a quote is 40 words or more, omit quotation marks and use a block format with the quote indented about 1cm (or 5 spaces) from the left margin and double-space the entire paragraph.
They had a less good walk back, simply because they hit the upper waters of the north
west river at the wrong place and had to walk two miles upstream to cross it. In the
middle of the crossing Thelma found a thalloid liverwort and to Hugh’s astonishment
stopped to collect it. (Davies, 2010, p. 62)
Altering a direct quote
When you need to leave out part of a quotation to make it fit grammatically or because it contains irrelevant/unnecessary information, insert ellipses (three dots). If you add or slightly change words within a quotation for reasons of grammar or clarity, indicate the change with square brackets. “Drug prevention…[efforts] backed this up” (Gardner, 2007, p. 49).
Anonymous author When a work's author is designated as "Anonymous", cite in the text the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the date. For example: (Anonymous, 2006)
Multiple authors When citing multiple authors check the “Author layout for in-text citations”
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Pinpointing a specific part of a resource with no page number
Often electronic sources don’t include page numbers, or you want to pinpoint a specific section of a document. It may be useful to include a paragraph number; section number or use the words the source uses instead if the source is lengthy. For example:
ACARA (n.d., ACELA1443) aptly phrased it…
… (Beutler, 2000, para. 5)
Secondary source (secondary citation)
You read Lister’s article. In that article Lister refers to Miller’s ideas. You are encouraged to find Miller’s work. If you can’t find Miller’s work, cite Miller’s ideas like this:
… simple definition of social justice (Miller, as cited in Lister, 2007).
OR
Miller’s simple definition of social justice (as cited in Lister, 2007).
Do not include the date of Miller’s work. You include the Lister article in your reference list:
Lister, R. (2007). Social justice. Benefits, 15(2), 113–125. doi:10.33.44.555/list
Two or more references within the same parentheses
Order citations of two or more works by different authors within the same brackets alphabetically in the same order they appear in the reference list. Separate the citations with semicolons.
For example: (Megarrity, 2018; Sullivan, 2014; Tafransky & Mahoney, 2016).
Personal communications Cite personal communications in text only, for example, personal unpublished photos, conversations, emails, interviews, personal files, documents from an intranet (e.g. hospital policy) i.e. any resource that is not accessible to your reader.
Format: (Author, personal communication, Month date, year):
…as stated in the Infection control guideline (Royal Darwin Hospital, personal communication, September 4, 2018).
… guidelines were provided in a conversation with the Director of Nursing (R. Smith, personal communication, September 4, 2018).
Materials from Learnline should be referenced because they are available to the reader (e.g. your lecturer or marker).
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Examples
Here are some basic examples of CDU-APA 6th style. More detailed examples are included throughout this guide. Where no exact
example is provided these general principles should be followed.
Book
author date book title in italics edition place of publication publisher
Dinham, J. (2014). Delivering authentic arts education (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning.
eBook
author date book title in italics edition URL
Dinham, J. (2014). Delivering authentic arts education (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://ebookcentral-proquest
-com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/lib/cdu/reader.action?ppg=2&docID=1990987&tm=1545024544990
Journal article with doi
authors date article title journal title in italics volume in italics(issue)
Fowler, M. D., & Davis, A. J. (2013). Ethical issues occurring within nursing education. Nursing Ethics, 20(2), 126-141.
doi:10.1177/0969733012474290 doi page numbers
Journal article without doi
author date article title journal title in italics volume in italics(issue) page numbers
Levy, L. (2018). The role of podiatric medicine in public health. Podiatry Management, 37(2), 119-122. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=rzh&AN=1290
92815&site=ehost-live URL
Web page
author date web page title webpage URL
Better Health Channel. (2013). Smoking tobacco is deadly. Retrieved from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health
/healthyliving/smoking-tobacco-is-deadly
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Books - print and online
Important elements
Print book:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of book (edition). Location of publication: Publisher.
eBook:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year of publication). Title of book: Subtitle. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx OR Retrieved from URL of
the eBook
Reference Type
In-text example Reference list example EndNote Reference Type
Single author
… in relation to northern developments (Megarrity, 2018). OR Megarrity (2018) states that ...
Megarrity, L. (2018). Northern dreams: The politics of northern development in Australia. North Melbourne, Vic.: Australian Scholarly Publishing.
Book
2 authors
Roitman and La Fontaine (2012) ... OR “... achieve consistency” (Roitman & La Fontaine, 2012, p. 45)
Cite both names every time the in-text citation occurs
Roitman, J. L., & La Fontaine, T. P. (2012). The exercise professional’s guide to optimizing health: Strategies for preventing and reducing chronic disease. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.
Book
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3-5 authors First citation: (Kerridge, Lowe, & Stewart, 2013) Subsequent citations: (Kerridge et al., 2013)
Cite all the names the first time the in-text citation occurs; in subsequent citations, use the surname of the first author followed by et al.
Kerridge, I., Lowe, M., & Stewart, C. (2013). Ethics and law for the health professions (4th ed.). Annandale, NSW: Federation Press.
These rules for referencing and citing multiple authors also apply for journal articles, reports … see “Author layout for in-text citations”
Book
6 or 7 authors
Bergin et al. (2018) found that... OR (Bergin et al., 2018) Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.
Bergin, C. C., Bergin, D. A., Walker, S., Daniel, G., Fenton, A., & Subban, P. (2018). Child and adolescent development for educators. South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning Australia.
Include all authors in the reference. These rules for referencing and citing multiple authors also apply for journal articles, reports … see “Author layout for in-text citations”
Book
8 or more authors
(Kersemakers et al., 2017) Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.
Kersemakers, A., Klesch, R., George, K., Royal, B., Williams, A., Cartwright, J., … Bailey, K. (2017). The chocolate eating habits of CDU librarians. Darwin, NT: CDU Press.
For works with 8 or more authors, list the first 6 authors, followed by 3 full stops (...) then the last author’s name. These rules for referencing and citing multiple authors also apply for journal articles, reports … see “Author layout for in-text citations”
Book
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No author
(Employment the professional way, 2000) OR the book Employment the professional way (2000) Shorten title and put in italics
Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding the Australian job search process for professionally qualified migrants. (2000). Carlton, Vic.: Australian Multicultural Foundation.
Book
Book: different editions
(Howitt & Cramer, 2016) Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2016). Introduction to research methods in psychology (5th ed.). Melbourne, Vic.: Pearson Australia.
Edition
Book: editor (Smith, 2015) Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (3rd ed.). London, UK: Sage.
Edited book
Book: organisation as
author
(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2018)
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). Australia’s health 2018. Canberra: Author.
Where the author and publisher are identical, use the word ‘Author’ as the name of the publisher. (In EndNote place a comma after the corporate author)
Book
Chapter in an edited book or
book series
(Germov & Belcher, 2018)
Germov, J., & Belcher, H. (2018). Power, politics and healthcare. In J. Germov (Ed.), Second opinion: An introduction to health sociology (6th ed., pp. 448-477). Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press.
Chapter author. (year of publication). Chapter title. In Book editor(s) (Ed. or Eds.),
Book title in italics (edition information, pp. chapter page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher or Retrieved from URL
If an author(s) is listed at the beginning of a chapter follow this format, otherwise reference as a whole book.
Edited book
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Book with volumes
(Mizrahi, 2008) (Kable & Govind, 2016)
Authored book: Mizrahi, T. (2008). Encyclopedia of social work (20th ed., Vol. 1).
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Chapter in an edited book: Kable, A., & Govind, N. (2016). Nursing care of people having surgery.
In P. LeMone, K. M. Burke, G. Bauldoff, P. Gubrud-Howe, T. Levett-Jones, T. Dwyer, … D. Raymond (Eds.), Medical surgical nursing: Critical thinking for person-centered care (3rd Australian ed., Vol. 1, pp. 35-66). Melbourne, Vic.: Pearson Australia.
Book
eBook/electronic book online or
from library database, incl.
eReadings
(Vandenberg, 2018) eBook with doi
(Davies & Beech, 2018) eBook with URL
(Robertson, 2014) book in eReadings
Vandenberg, A. (2018). Education policy and the Australian Education Union. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68047-7
Davies, G., & Beech, A. (2018). Forensic psychology: Crime, justice, law interventions (3rd ed.). Retrieved from http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=http://ebookcentral.proquest. com/lib/cdu/detail.action?docID=5018401
Robertson, M. (2014). Sustainability: Principles and practice. Retrieved from https://ereadings.cdu.edu.au/eserv/cdu:53362 /ER09416.pdf
Electronic book
Dictionary and Encyclopedia -
eBook
See p. 21 for an example of an
online dictionary
“Acid Rain” (2014) is … OR “… atmospheric pollution” (“Acid Rain”, 2014, p. 3)
Acid rain. (2014). In D. Kemp (Ed.), The environment dictionary (pp. 3- 9). Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.ezproxy. cdu.edu.au/lib/cdu/reader.action?docID=165278&ppg=8
Edited book
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Dictionary - print (“Bathyorographical”, 1993)
Bathyorographical. (1993). In R. H. Hill (Ed.), Dictionary of difficult words (p. 61). New York, NY: Wiley.
Book
Brochure or pamphlet
(Cancer Council Australia, 2012)
Cancer Council Australia. (2012). Skin cancer [Brochure]. Sydney, Australia: Author.
Where the author and publisher are identical, use the word ‘Author’ as the name of the publisher. (In EndNote place a comma after the corporate author)
Book
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Journal articles, Conference papers and Newspaper articles
Important elements
See Books-print and online for information on multiple authors. Journal article: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of article. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page–page.
doi:xxxx OR Retrieved from URL Newspaper article: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month Day). Article title: Subtitle. Newspaper Title. Retrieved from URL Conference paper: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Conference paper title. Paper presented at the Conference Title, Place, State/Country.
Retrieved from URL
Reference Type
In-text example Reference list example EndNote Reference Type
Journal article- print
(Birbilis, 2018) Birbilis, J. (2018). When psychology and politics commingle. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 730-733.
For journal titles you must capitalise the first letter of every word (except for words like ‘in’, ‘at’, ‘of’, ‘the’)
Journal article
Journal article online: with doi
(Levenson, 2017) Levenson, J. (2017). Trauma-informed social work practice. Social Work, 62(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swx001
Electronic article
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Journal article online: no doi
(Moss, White, & Lee, 2018)
Moss, S., White, B., & Lee, J. (2018). A systematic review into the psychological causes and correlates of plagiarism. Ethics & Behavior, 28(4), 261-283. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=https://www.tandfonline.co m/doi/abs/10.1080/10508422.2017.1341837
Electronic article
Article retrieved from Learnline,
eSpace or eReadings
(Arnold & Boggs, 2007)
Arnold, E., & Boggs, K. U. (2007). Structuring the relationship. Developmental Psychology, 25(2), 264-276. Retrieved from http://ereadings.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:18679
Electronic article
Newspaper article online: available via the Web or
electronic database
(Parnell, 2018) Parnell, S. (2018, October 11). Health risk with early obesity. The Australian. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=nfh&AN=9X9A USNEWSMMGLSTRY000376781678&site=ehost-live
Newspaper article
Newspaper article: no author
(“Two teen migrants”, 2018) Use first few words of article title in quotation marks
Two teen migrants caught crossing Mediterranean on truck tyre. (2018, December 16). The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/two-teen-migrants- caught-crossing-mediterranean-on-truck-tyre-20181216- p50mj0.html
Newspaper article
Newspaper article: print
(Kelly, 2018) Kelly, P. (2018, December 15). Political catch-up splits the nation. Weekend Australian, p. 29.
Newspaper article
Conference paper (in published proceedings)
Burton (2017) outlines …
Burton, D. (2017). Flare: A national flash flood warning resource. In 2017 Floodplain Management Australia National Conference (pp. 1-9). Retrieved from http://www.floods.org.au/site/index.cfm?display=730745
Conference paper
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Conference Presentation
(Garces, 2017) Garces, E. (2017, July). Regulation of digital and intangible assets. Paper presented at ACCC/AER Regulatory Conference, Brisbane, QLD. Retrieved from https://www.accc.gov.au/about- us/conferences-events/accc-aer-regulatory-conference
Conference proceedings
Theses-print version
Rorrison (2006) examines …
Rorrison, D. (2006). Jumping through spinning hoops, chance or a carefully constructed learning journey? A critical view of learning in the secondary practicum. (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Charles Darwin University, NT, Australia.
Thesis
Theses - online Azam’s analysis (2016, p. 208) shows the “spectral peak …
Azam, S. (2016). Detection of binaural processing in the human brain. (PhD Thesis, Charles Darwin University, 2016). Retrieved from http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:59624
Electronic article
Pre-print submitted, before
peer review
Post –Print accepted & peer
reviewed - not yet published
It is recommended to
use the published version of a paper if
it is available
Barclay (pre-print) suggests that… (Turnbull, post-print)
Barclay, L. (pre-print). Women and midwives: Position, problems and potential. Midwifery. Retrieved from http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:6640
Turnbull, B. (post-print). Scholarship and mentoring: An essential
partnership? International Journal of Nursing Practice. Retrieved from http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:10014
Electronic article
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Multimedia
Important elements
DVD or Film: Producer Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Producer), & Director Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Director). (Year). Title
of movie [Format e.g. Motion picture or DVD]. Country where movie was produced: Name of Studio. Video streaming: i.e. YouTube or Vimeo Author, A. A. OR Author screen name. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL of specific video
Reference Type
In-text example
Reference list example
EndNote Reference Type
DVD or videorecordings
(Hallam & Lam, 2010) Hallam, J. (Producer, Writer), & Lam, K. (Producer, Director). (2010). Staff relations in healthcare: Working as a team [DVD]. New York, NY: Insight Media.
Film or broadcast
Television programs
(McDermott, 2013) McDermott, Q. (Reporter). (2013, February 4). Lance and the truth [Television broadcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au /4corners/stories/2013/02/04/3680186.htm
Online Multimedia
YouTube or Streaming video
... paraphrasing other’s work (CDUniLibrary, 2017)
CDUniLibrary. (2017, August 21). Cat capers: Adventures in academic integrity [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzCipTk71Bc
Online Multimedia
Software (Physicians Interactive, 2017)
Physicians Interactive. (2017). Omnio: Clinical resource (Version 3.24.6) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id293170168?mt=8&ign=uo%3D4
Computer program
iPad and other apps
(WebMD Health Corporation, 2012)
WebMD Health Corporation. (2012). Medscape (Version 4.0) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com
Computer program
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Online images
When using images, you must be aware of copyright and licencing restrictions. Not all images are freely available to use.
The best types of images to use are those with a Creative Commons (CC) licence. Watch this video on how to find and
cite an appropriately licenced image.
Image caption: From “Title of Image,” by A. Author, Year (URL). Licence (e.g. CC BY 2.0). Reference: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of image. Retrieved from URL
Place the in-text citation directly beneath the image as a caption. It is acceptable to resize the caption to a smaller font if it is too
long.
Example:
From “Sustainable Transport,” by A. Wellings, 2012 (https://flic.kr/p/cpBHSJ). CC BY-NC 2.0.
Reference:
Wellings, A. (2012). Sustainable transport. Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/cpBHSJ
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Reference Type
In-text/caption example Reference list example
Online image – personal author
From “Zebra Finch,” by C. Williamson, 2009 (https://flic.kr/p/6Jepim). CC BY 2.0. From “Friendly Male Koala,” by Quartl, 2009 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frien dly_Male_Koala.JPG). CC BY-SA 3.0. Give the author’s name exactly as it appears on the source page of the image.
Williamson, C. (2009). Zebra finch. Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/6Jepim
Quartl. (2009). Friendly male koala. Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki /File:Friendly_Male_Koala.JPG
Online image - organisation as author
From “Instituting an Electronic Medical Record System,” by CDC Global, 2014 (https://flic.kr/p/oGi1bs). CC BY 2.0. If the image has a long title, use only the first few words of the title in the in-text citation.
CDC Global. (2014). Instituting an electronic medical record system reduces the need to manage and store growing volumes of patient charts, a major challenge in resource- limited settings. Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/oGi1bs
Include the full title of the image in the reference.
Image in the public domain or with CC0 Licence
From “Schematic Diagram of the Human Eye,” by Rhcastilhos, 2007 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sche matic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg). In the public domain. From “Dog Swimming,” by P. Singhto, 2013 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dog_ swimming.jpg). CC0 1.0. Cite images that are in the public domain or have a CC0 Licence even if no attribution is required.
Rhcastilhos. (2007). Schematic diagram of the human eye. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg
Singhto, P. (2013). Dog swimming. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dog_swimming.jpg
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Image with no title
The photo of a brown bear is by Rasmus Svinding, 2006 (https://www.pexels.com/photo/zoo-bear- 35435/). CC0. Provide a brief description of the image.
Svinding, R. (2006). [Brown bear]. Retrieved from https://www.pexels.com/photo/zoo-bear-35435/
Enclose the brief description of the photo in square brackets.
Image with no author
From “Group of Female Top Tennis Players, 1902,” 2012 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grou p_of_female_top_tennis_players,_1902.jpg). In the public domain. Omit the author element.
Group of female top tennis players, 1902. (2012). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Group_of_female_top_tennis_players,_1902.jpg Put the title in place of the author.
Citing an online image without reproducing it
In-text citation without reproducing the image: In the photo “Autumn Ivy” (Curtin University Library, 2007) …
Curtin University Library. (2007). Autumn ivy [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/curtinuniversitylibrary
/1440410713
The APA blog explains what to do for images from other sources:
https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2016/01/navigating-copyright-part-4.html
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Web sources and online documents
Important elements
Web Page: Personal Author or Organisation as Author. (Date, if not known, put n.d.). Title of web page. Retrieved from URL of web page Document from a web page (e.g. PDF, Word, Excel, PowerPoint): Personal Author or Organisation as Author. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Title of document on a web
page. Retrieved from URL of specific document or page where the document is accessed from
Reference Type
In-text example
Reference list example
EndNote Reference Type
Web page: Organisation as
author
Web page: Personal author
(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016) (Wyatt, 2012)
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2016). How many Australians have diabetes? Retrieved from http://www.aihw.gov.au/how-common-is-diabetes/
Wyatt, H. (2012). WWF praises people power in spurring Australia marine parks decision. Retrieved from http://wwf.panda.org /who_we_are/wwf_offices/australia/great_barrier_Reef _ecoregion/?206737/WWF-praises-people-power-in-spurring -Australia-marine-parks-decision
Web Page
Web page: no date
(St John, n.d.) St John. (n.d.). Burns. Retrieved from https://www.stjohn.org.nz/First- Aid/First-Aid-Library/Burns/
Web Page
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Document from a website
(Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2016)
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2016). Registered nurse standards for practice. Retrieved from http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines- Statements/Professional-standards.aspx
Electronic article
Document from Learnline
(Moss, 2019) Moss, M. (2019). HSC210 – Module one: Sociology for health professionals. Retrieved from https://online.cdu.edu.au /webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content _id=_2692267_1&course_id=_44041_1&mode=cpview
Electronic article
Standards (Standards Australia, 2018)
Standards Australia. (2018). Reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete: Construction (AS 5146.3:2018). Retrieved from https://www- saiglobal-com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/online/autologin.asp
Electronic article
Government document
(Department of the Environment and Energy, 2017)
Department of the Environment and Energy. (2017). Australia’s emissions projections 2017. Retrieved from http://www.environment.gov.au/climate- change/publications/emissions-projections-2017
Government document
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013)
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Regional population growth: Australia, 2011-2012 (cat. no. 3218.0). Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Previousproducts /3218.0Main%20Features32011-12?opendocument&tabname =Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=201112&num=&view=
Electronic article
Australian Curriculum Online
(Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority, n.d.)
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (n.d.). The Australian curriculum: Literacy. Retrieved from https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/f-10- curriculum/general-capabilities/literacy/
Electronic article
Reference from eMIMS or eTG
“Panadol” (2012) as listed in MIMS …
Panadol: Back & neck pain relief. (2012). In MIMS. Retrieved from https://www-mimsonline-com-au.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/Search /ShowPDF.aspx?xmlDoc=08393.xml&XSLKey=PIxsl_pdf&Pat hKey=AbbrevPIxmlPath
Electronic article
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Article from a health database i.e.: Cochrane, Joanna Briggs
Institute
(Nguyen, 2017)
(Winter, Hunter, Sim, & Crome, 2011)
Nguyen, D. H. (2017). Wound packing: Clinical information. Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence Summary, (JBI241), 1-3. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/sp- 3.28.0a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=JCODFPAOIEDDKHDFNCFKFGMC JNKNAA00&Link+Set=S.sh.39%7c5%7csl_190
Winter, J., Hunter, S., Sim, J., & Crome, P. (2011). Hands-on therapy interventions for upper limb motor dysfunction following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 201(6), 1-35. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006609.pub.2
Electronic article
Online blog (Becker, 2012) Becker, D. (2012, October 4). Cite what you see, cite what you use [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://blog.apastyle.org
/apastyle/2012/10/cite-what-you-see-cite-what-you-use.html
Blog
Online Dictionary or Encyclopedia
… art of teaching (“Education”, 2016)
Education. (2016). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved January 5, 2017, from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/education?s=t
Web page
Facebook page (Bureau of Meteorology, 2018)
Bureau of Meteorology. (2018, December 3). Spring 2018 was more than a degree warmer than average for Australia. Full climate summary at http://ow.ly/1nXc30mPQLD [Facebook update]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/bureauofmeteorology/photos/a.171 427712921137/2122857961111426/?type=3&theater
Twitter update or Tweet
(Trump, 2018)
Trump, D. [realDonaldTrump]. (2017, May 31). Who can figure out the true meaning of “covfefe”? [Tweet]. Retrieved from https:// twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/869858333477523458
Instagram photo
(Fox, 2018) Fox, M. J. [@realmikejfox]. (2018, June 5). It takes < than a min to learn how to save a life. Watch the video at handsonly.nyc #ICanSaveALife with #HandsOnlyCPR [Instagram photo]. Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/BjppDLDBxRF/
For Instagram videos change text in square bracket
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Legislation and cases
Important elements
Act or Bill: Name of Act Year (Jurisdiction) Case: Case Name (Year) Volume Law Report Series Reporter Abbreviated Starting Page
Reference Type
In-text example
Reference list example
EndNote Reference Type
Acts and Bills ... according to s. 24.1 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 2018 (NT) ... The Social Security Commission Bill 2018 (Cth) establishes ...
Anti-Discrimination Act 2018 (NT) Social Security Commission Bill 2018 (Cth) If accessed electronically no additional details are required, cite as you would for print.
Legal Rule/ Regulation
Cases According to Carey v. Price (2005) ... ... in a land rights case (Mabo v. Queensland, 1988).
Carey v. Price (2005) 132 ALR 255 Mabo v. Queensland (1988) 166 CLR 186
Case
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Common abbreviations
App. appendix
Art. article
Ca. Circa
Chap. chapter
Div. division
ed. edition
Ed. / Eds. Editor / Editors
et al. and others (Latin et al)
n.d. no date
No. Nos. Number / Numbers
n.p. no place
p. pp. page(s)
para. paragraph
Pt. Part
Rev. ed. Revised edition
Sec. Section
Ser. Series
Suppl. Supplement
s.v. under the word (Latin sub verso)
Trans. Translator(s)
Vol. / Vols. Volume / Volumes
All examples are based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed., 2010 available
in the Library. A sample essay is available with examples of in-text citations and Reference list.
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Appendix 1: How to write an APA reference when information is missing
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Appendix 2: Author layout for in-text citations
In-text examples for first and subsequent citation. Reproduced from American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (p. 177). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Type of citation First citation with the author being a part of your text
Subsequent citations with the author being part of your text
First citation with all citation information in brackets
Subsequent citations with all citation information in brackets
One work by one author Walker (2017) Walker (2017) (Walker, 2017) (Walker, 2017)
One work by two authors Walker and Allen (2014) Walker and Allen (2014) (Walker & Allen, 2014) (Walker & Allen, 2014)
One work by 3-5 authors Bradley, Ramirez, Soo and Mitchell (2015)
Bradley et al. (2015) (Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, & Michell, 2015)
(Bradley et al., 2015)
One work by 6-7 authors Jones et al. (2016) Jones et al. (2016) (Jones et al., 2016) (Jones et al., 2016)
One work by 8+ authors Ahamad et al. (2015) Ahamad et al. (2015) (Ahamad et al., 2015) (Ahamad et al., 2015)
Groups/Organisation (readily identified through abbreviation) as author
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2018)
AIHW (2018) (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2018)
(AIHW, 2018)
Group/Organisation (no abbreviation) as authors
Diabetes Australia (2017) Diabetes Australia (2017) (Diabetes Australia, 2017) (Diabetes Australia, 2017)