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An Argument on- Biomass Vs Solar Energy

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An Argument on-Biomass Vs Solar Energy

Abhishek Saxena Department of Mechanical

Engineering, M.I.T., Moradabad, (U.P.), INDIA

E-mail: [email protected]

Nitin Agarwal Department of Mechanical

Engineering, M.I.T., Moradabad, (U.P.), INDIA

V. Tirth Department of Mechanical

Engineering, M.I.T., Moradabad, (U.P.), INDIA

ABSTRACT Globally, the nature is really playing a sustaining role for human beings at free of cost. Life cycles of every creature is fully depended on it. All the sources of energy like; the sun, the sea, plants and trees are the gods end to keep us alive. All these resources provide us a good amount of energy in various useful forms, as required. It is quite difficult to count them, their availability, and use of them around the globe. Biomass is one of these major free endowments by nature, and is considered as a primary fuel for cooking, heating, and transportation. Biomass needs combustion to produce heat to perform various heating tasks. The status of biomass availability with consumption rate in India, and impact of its combustion on living areas has been discussed in this article. Apart this, the importance of solar energy as an alternative, free of cost and non- polluting fuel has been highlighted in the present article, and discussed against the use of biomass. Keywords: Biomass, combustion, energy, health, solar energy.

1. INTRODUCTION Biomass can be defined as any organic matter that is available on a renewable or recurring basis. It can also be defined as a living or recently dead biological matter that can be used for fuel or industrial production. Biomass energy can be used in many ways, and made from many sources. Biomass includes plants, plant derived materials, agricultural crops and trees, wood and wood residues, dry grasses, aquatic plants, animal manure, municipal residues, and other residue materials [1]. Biomass can have a variety of meanings, but in the context of this guidance it refers to deriving energy from biological material through a transformation process. The energy provided may be heat, electricity or mechanical power. The biological material may come from animal or plant sources, whilst the transformative process may be direct combustion or perhaps involve gasification, fermentation or pyrolysis [2]. The biomass can be classified in many categories but commonly it can be divided into woody biomass, and non-woody biomass (including herbaceous crops). Access to potential biomass resources is also limited by three main physical and social constraints; (i) location constraints, (ii) tenure constraints, and (iii) constraints derived from the land resource management systems (EIA 1992). There is a wide range of biomass fuels which can be broadly described in terms of ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ sources. Under these two broad headings they can be grouped into 5 sub-categories as Table 1.

Biomass is considered as a renewable energy source with the peak potential to contribute to the energy needs to both the developed and developing economies societies globally.

Table 1: Original sources of biomass fuels

S.No. Type Source 1. Virgin wood Dry—includes round wood,

harvesting residues (brash), bark, sawdust, crowns, needles and residues of tree surgery.

2. Energy crops Dry—includes woody energy crops (short rotation forestry, willow, eucalyptus, poplar), grassy energy crops (miscanthus and hemp), sugar crops (sugar beet), starch crops (wheat, barley, maize/corn), oil crops (rape, linseed, sunflower), and even hydroponics (lake weed, kelp, algae).

3. Agricultural residues

Wet—includes pig and cattle slurry, sheep manure, grass silage, while dry - poultry litter, wheat or barley straw, corn Stover.

4. Food residues Wet—includes wastes from various processes in the distillery, dairy, meat, fish, oils, fruit and vegetables sectors.

5. Industrial residues

Wet—includes sewage sludge, while dry—includes residues from sawmills, construction, furniture manufacturing, chipboard industries, pallets.

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Table 2: Typical capital costs and the levelised cost of electricity of biomass power technologies [6].

Energy source Investment costs ($/kW)

LCOE range ($/kWh)

Stoker boiler 1 880–4 260 0.06 0.21 Bubbling and circulating fluidized boilers

2 170–4 500 0.07–0.21

Fixed and fluidized bed gasifiers

2 140–5 700 0.07–0 24

Stoker CHP 3 550–6 820 0.07–0.29 Gasifier CHP 5 570–6 545 0.11–0.28 Landfill gas 1 917–2 436 0.09–0.12 Digesters 2 574–6 104 0.06–0.15 Co-firing 140–850 0.04–0.13

Looking towards the bio-energy scenario than biomass supplied more than 1% of the electricity demand, i.e., some 257 TWh per year on a global scale. Beside this, combustion technology, biomass and waste also supplied approximately 105 MTOE of direct heat to the industrial and residential sectors, and 47 to 70 MTOE of heat from CHP plants in 2008. In 2009 in the IEA countries, the use of solid biomass has a significant impact on the energy balance of countries and regions with abundant primary resources such as the EU, Austria, and Switzerland, while the use of biogas was increased in Germany, the Netherlands, the U.K., and Italy. Power generation and CHP based on biomass and waste, as well as on biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants, are found with a rapid growth. In Germany, for instance, the growth of biomass-based CHP amounted to 23% per year in the period 2004-2008. The capacity of biomass CHP plants varied considerably. Biogas anaerobic digestors were usually associated with gas-fired engines for heat and power generation with electrical capacity from tens of kW up to a few MWe [7].

If we talk about the biomass power then the capacity of biomass power increased from about 66 GW in 2010 to almost 72 GW at the end of the 2011. The U.S. leads the world biomass based power generation, with other significant producers in the EU in addition to Brazil, India, China, and Japan. Most sugar producing countries in Africa generate power and heat with bagasse based CHP plants. Improvements in the logistic of biomass collection, transport, and storage over the past decade, and growing international trade have helped to remove constraints on plant size, and the size of facilities in some countries is increasing as a result. Not only the biomass but other renewables are also supporting to fulfill the demand of energy in various sectors globally. The total sharing capacity of other renewable energy sources up to 2012 is shown in Table 3.

Energy from biomass is based on short rotation forestry and other energy crops could be contributed significantly in reducing GHG emissions and to the problems related to climate change [3]. Biomass is simply a source of renewable fixed carbon, and closely resembles conventional fossil fuels in which it can be stored and used at requiring. The use of liquid biomass for producing methane by anaerobic digestion is progressive, more common. Electricity production is still a developing business by using solid biomass fuels, and not competes on cost with electrical energy from fossil fuels without a few governments fiscal or policy support [4].

The growing use of biomass for heat, electricity, and transport fuels has resulted in increasing international trade in biomass fuels in recent years; wood pellets, bio-diesel, and ethanol are the main fuels traded internationally. Biomass, in the form of both solid and gaseous fuels, continues to provide the majority of heating produced with renewable energy sources (Fig. 1). Markets are expanding rapidly, particularly in the Europe where biomass is used increasingly in district heat systems. Another growing trend, also taking place largely in Europe, is the use of bio-methane that can be injected directly into the natural gas network and used to produce heat and power and to fuel vehicles. Biogas produced from domestic scale digesters is used increasingly for cooking and to a smaller extent for heating and lighting in China, India, and elsewhere [5].

Fig. 1: Biomass consumption with other renewable energy sources (Quadrillion Btu) [5]

The total installed costs of biomass power generation technologies vary significantly by technology and country. The total installed cost of stoker boilers was between $1880 and $4260/kW in 2010, while those of circulating fluidized bed boilers were between $2170 and $4500/kW. Anaerobic digester power systems had capital costs between $2570 and $6100/kW. Gasification technologies, including fixed bed and fluidized bed solutions, had total installed capital costs of between $2140 and $5700/kW. Co-firing biomass at low- levels in existing thermal plants typically require additional investments of $400 to $600/kW. Using landfill gas for power generation has capital costs of between $1920 and $2440/kW (see Table 2). The cost of CHP plants is significantly higher than for the electricity-only configuration [6].

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Table 3: Total capacity of some energy sources up to 2011

Indicators Unit 2010 2011 2012 Investment in new renewable capacity (annual)

Billion USD

161 220 257

Renewable power capacity (total, not including hydro)

GW 250 315 390

Renewable power capacity (total, including hydro)

GW 1170 1260 1360

Hydropower capacity (total)

GW 915 945 970

Solar PV capacity (total) GW 23 40 70 Concentrating solar thermal power (total)

GW 0.7 1.3 1.8

Wind power capacity (total)

GW 159 198 238

Solar heat water/heat capacity (total)

GW 159 198 232

Ethanol production (annual)

Billion litres

153 182 232

Bio-diesel production (annual)

Billion litres

73.1 86.5 86.1

Countries with policy targets

— 17.8 18.5 21.4

Beside this in the transportation ethanol and bio-diesel are the primary renewable fuels to fulfill the demand. During 2012, ethanol production remained stable or declined slightly for the first time in more than a decade but, bio-diesel production continued to rise globally. Several airlines began to operate commercial flights using various bio-fuels continued to increase, although production levels remain relatively low. Limited but growing quantities of gaseous bio-fuels are fuelling trains, buses, and other vehicles, particularly in Europe. It is notable that the total biomass (bio-fuels, wood, wood-derived fuels, biomass waste, and total biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol and bio-diesel) production in the last on April 2012 was 1408 trillion Btu while the consumption was 1439 trillion Btu. In this production and consumption 142 trillion Btu was consumed in the residential sector, 35 trillion Btu was consumed in the commercial sector, 742 trillion Btu was consumed in the industrial sector, 376 trillion Btu was consumed in the transportation sector and 144 trillion Btu was consumed in the electric power sector [8].

Overview of the “Atlas of the biomass potential—2011” shows that the biomass (manure, straw and cutting and pruning from permanent crops) is the largest source among current potentials of various renewable energy sources. The 2nd largest contribution comes from round wood potential although one can doubt whether this feedstock should really be included as the price of it is far above levels at which bio-energy can compete with competing uses of wood. The 3rd place is covered

by the waste group and the additional harvestable round wood potential. The contribution of tertiary forestry residues cannot be underestimated as price levels of these potentials are generally more likely to be in the limits of commercial bio-energy production [9].

“Wood pellets” which used for heating as a prime source, is a biomass fuel with consistent and standardized quality—low moisture contents, high energy density as well as homogeneous size and shape. By using pellets the drawbacks of conventional biomass as a fuel alternative to coal, oil or gas can be reduced or even prevented altogether. Consistent fuel quality makes pellets a suitable fuel type for many applications, from stoves and central heating systems up to large-scale plants, and with practically total automation possible in all of these. Apart from these advantages of pellets, there is strong worldwide interest in using pellets for energy generation, due to: rising oil and gas prices; rising awareness of the limited reserves of fossil fuels; political benefits such as reduced dependency on imported fossil fuels; regional added value (employment creation); and international environmental obligations to reduce GHG emissions [10]. Co-firing of biomass residues with coal is continuously increasing in its application in coal-fired boilers for electricity production. In that study, co-firing experiments were performed using a Russian coal with a range of biomasses, shea meal, cotton stalk, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane bagasse and wood chips (as biomasses in 5%, 10% and 15% thermal fractions to evaluate their potential as substitute fuel and an agent for NOx control). There are around 48 and 35 power plants with experience in co-firing combinations of biomass and fossil fuels, respectively [11].

IEA Bio-energy 2011 (including the reports of task 29- 43) expressed that in many countries biomass demand for energy will enter a period of rapid expansion as a way to ensure sustainable and secure energy sources. Feed stocks from many land uses and cropping systems (e.g. agriculture, forestry, dedicated energy crops) can become a plausible energy source if production systems are economically and environmentally attractive new science, tools, and technology must be developed to support this era of rapid expansion. Such developments will ensure that suitable production systems are established and can be relied on to help achieve the energy policy targets in many countries [12].

The potentials of renewable energy sources are expected to increase significantly, especially towards 2020 in the reference scenario. Between 2020 and 2030 the potentials will stabilize. Towards 2030 the overall cropping potential will be smaller than in 2020 while the agricultural residues potential remains stable. In 2020 the contribution by manure is 2 MTOE lower than in 2030 while there is a larger contribution of straw and pruning. Other reason for growth in biomass potentials is caused by increases in the primary and tertiary forestry residues. The contribution of the waste sector will further decline to the total potential the forest sector contribution currently contributing to 52% will also decline to a 47% contribution. The growth in contribution to the overall potential

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energy purposes. Bio-energy has the benefit of being easily integrated with conventional energy, by co-firing wood chips or pellets with coal, injecting bio-methane into natural gas pipelines, and adding liquid bio-fuels to gasoline, diesel, plants or CHP plants, either as gaseous fuels or as solid biomass fuels. The bio-energy data challenge differs for internationally traded biomass versus non-traded fuels. Systematic collection of data appears to be possible for trading goods, although it varies for the different biomass fuels traded. Commodity prices for biomass fuels are influenced greatly by national support policies for renewable energy. The most prominent examples for traded biomass fuels include bio-diesel derived from vegetable oil, ethanol derived from sugar or starch, and wood pellets, all of which have seen an exponential increase in trade over the past decade. In contrast to wood pellets, trade streams for bio-diesel and ethanol have varied annually in both their volume and their routes of trade. Research on biomass fuel trade indicates that, historically, the level of import duties has influenced the volume of trade, whereas tariff preferences have defined the routes of trade. Although biomass trade statistics can provide a systematic way of collecting and comparing global data, they should be considered with caution because, at the international level, trade codes are not harmonized to a sufficient degree of detail [18].

If we talk about the major utilization of biomass (forestry, crop residues, dung etc.) then it is the primary source to produce heat energy for household and commercial areas. The purpose is to get the heat energy for; heating, cooking, chemical, and charcoal production, steam generation, and mechanical and electric power. Biomass energy encompasses a wide variety of renewable energy technologies that use plant matter, plant residues, or plant-derived process wastes as fuel [19]. It has been clarified from the above theory (and available literature) that biomass is an acceptable candidate to fulfill our energy demand and continue to help us in many progressive terms [20-21]. But beside this, if we look towards the effect of biomass while using (burning) or after use, biomass is the major cause of the respiratory illness especially in the case of children and women. We can see undoubtedly the impact of collecting, using or burning of biomass globally. Its harmful effects to the whole world are noticeable. Likely problems (respiratory illness) are occurred just because of pollution (generated by biomass combustion). Apart this, it also depends on the use of biomass; a person maintains any type of living standard (or household), uses biomass and depends on it for transports, heating and cooking in their living routines [22]. Biomass carries several pollutants in their “raw” form or the form in; they found in nature. These pollutants are damaging to human beings in the existing form of biomass, and while burning [23]. Here, efforts are made to investigate all the unhealthy pollutants from biomass (principally while burning). A few types of biomass pollutants with their impact of burning on the living zones have been discussed in the following sections.

is expected to come from agriculture which contributes to 31% (tot) the total potential, but this is expected to increase to above 40% in both reference and sustainability scenario in 2020 and 2030. No doubt that within the agricultural group the largest contribution may come from manure, straw and dedicated to crop [13].

Annual Energy Outlook 2012 highlights that total consumption of marketed renewable fuels grows by 2.8% per year. Growth in consumption of renewable fuels results mainly from the implementation of the Federal renewable fuel standard for transportation fuels and other similar state’s programs for power production. Marketed renewable fuels include wood, municipal waste, biomass, and hydroelectricity in the end-use sectors; hydroelectricity, geothermal, municipal solid waste, biomass, solar, and wind for generation in the electric power sector; and ethanol for gasoline blending and biomass-based diesel in the transportation sector, of which 3.9 quadrillion Btu is included with liquid fuel consumption in 2035. Renewable energy consumption in the electric power sector grows from 1.4 quadrillion Btu in 2010 to 3.4 quadrillion Btu in 2035, with biomass accounting for 30% of the growth [14]. Finally, biomass can be converted into all main modern energy carrier types: heat, electricity, and fuels for transportation. The technologies used to switch these biomass feedstocks vary, and the alternative fuels produce similarly low amounts of GHG during combustion. By using these optional fuels, we can offset the use of petroleum products, for example, ethanol produced from plant material (made from atmospheric carbon) [15]. The primary biomass feed stocks usually exist in solid form and include residues from forestry and agricultural harvesting, residues from food and fiber processing, organic components of municipal solid waste and animal manures. Biomass feedstock can be processed into biomass fuels that are solid, gaseous, and liquid. Using a wide variety of technologies, these fuels are then converted into end-use energy as heat, electricity, or transport fuels and are used to provide useful energy services such as space heating, food chilling, light, and mobility. The pathways for converting biomass to energy services are many and complex [16]. Although biomass have the potential to become a more important source of energy, a substantial increase in energy use of biomass requires parallel and positive development in several sectors, and there will be plenty of challenges to overcome. Price competitiveness and security of supply are important conditions for the growth of biomass in energy supply worldwide. The decisions made by politicians, the strategies of market actors, and the direction of research activities will have a significant influence on the development of the biomass market, and, because of this, several stakeholders and other parties have ambitions to contribute to the development of the market [17].

In addition, competition for biomass resources can exist for non-energy biomass uses such as animal feeds, bio-chemicals, and bio-materials. Bio-refineries exist that produce a range of products from biomass resources for both energy and non-

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2. POLLUTANTS FROM BIOMASS COMBUSTION

The main cause of the respiratory health at present in most countries is air pollution from; industrial, commercial, and residential areas which is generated there by biomass firing [24]. Not only the industrial areas but also in many other living zones or societies, the people can easily afford biomass (fuels) just because it is less expensive, available in some undefined form nearby us [25], and it produces heat by direct firing. Respiratory illnesses related to particulate exposure remain the top health concern. The major causes to generate health problems are the pollutants and emissions from vehicle engines, household stoves, refuse burning, industrial boilers, and power plants. ‘WHO’ has been clarified that disease burden due to IAP is increasing by burning dirty solid fuels in the households and other open places to produce heat. Women and children are the primary sufferers of this exposure [26]. Biomass and biofuels carry a lot of harmful pollutants (Table 4) in its existing form as well as while burning. The impacts of these indoor and outdoor air pollutants, especially on health cannot be neglected for the healthy growth of people and nation.

Table 4: Properties of biomass fuels

S.No. Properties Biomass 1. Fuel density (kg/m3) ~500 2. Particle size ~3 mm 3. C content (wt % of dry fuel) 42-54 4. O content (wt % of dry fuel) 35-45 5. S content (wt % of dry fuel) Max 0.5 6. SiO2 content (wt % of dry ash) 23-49 7. K2O content (wt % of dry ash) 4-48 8. Al2O3 content (wt % of dry ash) 2.4-9.5 9. Fe2O3 content (wt % of dry ash) 1.5-8.5

10. Ignition temperature (K) 418-426 11. Peak temperature (K) 560-575 12. Friability Low 13. Dry heating value (MJ/kg) 14-21

The burning of biomass in inappropriate equipments, under poor performing conditions, or in the poor state, results in several potential emissions [27]. These include; PM, SO2, NOx, CO, and other carbon containing compounds. Most biomass (including wood) composed of roughly C → 50%, O → 40%, and H → 5%, by weight. Under idyllic combustion conditions these are transformed to CO2 and water vapor. In addition there could be about N → 0.3%, S → 0.1%, Cl → 0.1%, and trace quantities of various minerals such as calcium, potassium, silicon, phosphorus, and sodium. Emissions and the impact of combustion on air quality are towards; CO, CO2, small particulates, NOx, and SO2. Incomplete combustion of CO formed unburned carbon or soot. Most the sulfur condenses

onto the fly ash particles as sulfates, although a significant proportion can be emitted as SO2 and SO3 [28]. Some of most commonly used fuel by the people of different households has shown in Table 5, in the terms of typical calorific values of fuels while some other industrial and commercial fuels containing various pollutants have been shown in Table 6.

Table 5: Typical calorific values of fuels [Source http:// www. Biomass energy centre.org.uk]

Fuel Energy density by mass GJ/ton

Energy density by mass kWh/kg

Bulk density kg/m3

Energy density

by volume MJ/m3

Energy density

by volume kWh/

m3 Wood pellets

17 5.3 500 10,400 3,000

LPG 46.3 12.9 510 23,600 6,600 Natural Gas

38.1 10.6 0.9 35.2 9.8

Coal 30 8 850 25,000 7000 Anthracite 33 9.2 1,100 36,300 10,100 Miscanthus 13 3.6 150 2000 600

Table 6: Comparison of air pollutant emissions from energy equivalent fuels (in Kg) [Source-http://www.

biomassenergycentre.org.uk]

Fuel Fuel equivalent

to 1 million MJ delivered

SPM SOx NOx Hydro- carbons

CO

Industrial Wood (70%) 80 metric

tons 480 56 360 360 400

Coal (80%) 43 metric tons

2080 810 1180 6 45

Residue-oil (80%)

33,000 liters 94 1310 240 4 20

Natural-gas (90%)

28,200 cubic meters

7 Neg. 99 2 8

Residential

Wood (40%) 144 metric tons

2170 86 110 1450 18790

Natural-gas (90%)

69 metric tons

520 1200 270 430 2380

Natural-gas (90%)

32,900 liters 11 1170 71 4 20

Natural-gas (85%)

30,000 cubic meters

7 Neg. 38 4 10

Well known that energy is a major concern about the economic development of any country or state in the world. However, large-scale conversion and utilization of energy sources causes several environmental hazards, too. Facilitate

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annual GDP growth rates of 5.7%, and 6.1% in India during 1992-2021, while four industries will demand 1383 and 1593 million gigacal of energy in 2021, respectively and are expected to release 643 and 730 mt of CO into the atmosphere (Table 7) [29]. Mostly indoor pollution comes from

conventional cooking stoves from burning of wood pellets, dung cakes, crop residues, and other solid waste used for heating (Fig. 2). The combustion of these crude biomass fuels produces smoke that adversely affects the health of occupants [30].

Table 7: Sources possible concentrations and indoor to outdoor concentration ratio of some indoor pollutants

Pollutants Source Possible indoor concentration

Location

CO Combustion equipments 100 mg/kg Offices, homes, cars, shops Repairable particles Stoves, fireplaces 100 to 500 µg/m3 Public facilities NOx Combustion Systems 200 to 1000 µg/m3 Homes, skating Rinks SO2 Heating oxide 20 µg/m3 Removal inside Total suspended Particles Combustion, heating system 100 µg/m3 Transportations, offices

restaurants Sulfate Matches, gas stoves 5 µg/m3 Removal inside Formaldehyde Insulation, particle board 0.05 to 1.0 mg/kg Homes, offices Radon and Progeny Buildings materials, soil 0.1 to 100 nC/m3 Homes, buildings Asbestos Fireproofing <106 fiber/m3 Schools, offices Mineral and synthetic fibers Products, cloth, rugs N

A Homes, hospitals

CO2 Combustion, humans, pets 3000 mg/kg Homes, Offices Viable organisms Humans, pets, fungi, insects N

A Public facilitates

Ozone Ultraviolet 20 µg/kg Airplanes

Organic vapors Pesticides, solvents, resin N A

Homes, working places, restaurant

Fig. 2: Emissions from a household stove by alternative fuels

After studying the available literature ‘wood’, has been found the most common fuel to produce the heat which is used along with dung cakes, kerosene, and crop residues for cooking and heating, especially in rural areas. One more factor

is notable here- among various attainable cooking fuels such as; LPG, biogas, kerosene, wood pellets, and solid waste, ‘dung cakes’ firing results in producing the highest environmental pollution in the particular area. The smoke generated while burning of dung cakes carries harmful pollutants such as; C → 31.6%, H → 5.18%, O → 37.8%, N → 6.12%, and ash → 19.3%, and the fixed carbon is 19.3% with a heating value of 11, 400 and 15% moisture in fuel feed [31-32].

All apart this, people often use open biomass firing which produces harmful pollutants in the environment. Sometimes people burn the waste (Fig. 3) nearby the forestry through which dry grass, bushes or other small plants (which already grew there) catch the fire and produce the smoke. Among which bush fire smoke has the potential to affect millions of people, and counted as the major public health problem. During bush fire, PM concentrations are usually much higher than urban background concentrations. The smoke from biomass firing effects nearby places and increase the risk of respiratory health illness. The association between respiratory morbidity and exposure to bush fire smoke is consistent with the associations found with urban air pollution. It was ended that PM10 from bush fire smoke is at least as toxic as urban PM10 [33].

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Fig. 3: Open biomass firing of waste nearby bushes

3. IMPACT OF BIOMASS COMBUSTION Asian and Pacific countries were accounted for almost half of the world’s CO2 emissions in 2008; whereas in 1990 this share was 38% of the world total. In 2008, China was the single largest emitter of GHG’s globally by emitting 6.5 billion tons of CO2, (0.4 billion tons more than from all North America). However, on the per-capita basis, the North American rate is 3.7 times higher than that of China. If we talk about CO2 emission generated by the indoor environment than it is notable that at present near about 90% of people’s life depends on the indoor environment at homes, working places and worship places, and transportation round the globe. In ‘India’, 75% Indian households are used biomass fuel like, wood, dung cakes, and crop residues for cooking and heating that account for 80% of India’s HEC [34].

Biomass is typically used in open fires or in the simple stoves (mostly indoors) and rarely with adequate ventilation or chimneys. This leads to a higher level of IAP by which children and women are exposed by harmful smoke in routine life. Because of this, half-million deaths are found every year, untimely. According to the ‘WHO’, IAP (because of biomass smoke) is one of the largest environmental risks of ill health [35]. It is clear from various research reports that biomass absorb CO2 during growth, and emits it while firing. The structural, proximate, and eventual analyzes of bio-wastes were differing. The burning pace of pulverized biomass fuels was noticed higher than that of coal. Besides significant emission of CO2, CO, SOx, NOx and PM, burning of biomass is also responsible for the notable number of persistent organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzo- p-furans, and volatile organic compounds such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, benzene and its derivatives, aldehydes and ketones, phenol, and its alkyl derivatives, hetero-compounds of nitrogen, and sulfur, etc., and heavy metals [36-37]. Globally, it has estimated that, up to 40% of CO2, 32% of CO, 20% of particulates, and 50% of carcinogenic poly-aromatic hydrocarbons can be produced by firing of biomass waste of any forest. Smoke released from combustion of biomass is

hazardous, and carried particulates smaller than 10 microns in size that inhaled deep into the lungs and become a cause of respiratory [38].

Wood pellets (categorized as primary biomass) are the principal source to produce heat. Wood energy comes from direct use of harvested wood as a fuel and from wood waste streams. In many parts of the U.S., people use wood in furnaces, wood stoves and fireplaces as a primary or secondary space heat source. Globally, much of the developing world lives solely upon woody biomass or animal dung for their principal energy source. However, that wood-burning stoves, fireplaces, and agricultural fires emit a significant number of known health damaging pollutants, including several carcinogenic compounds. Health effects of exposures to these gases and some of the other wood smoke constituents, like benzene, are also well-known [39]. Most of the fine and ultra fine material of concern stems from biomass combustion is largely a mixture of elemental and organic carbon, metals, and inorganic compounds. While inhaling by humans (and animals), these particles can be taken up by cells in the lung directly. Besides this, the emitted particles penetrate the circulatory, and lodge in organs such as the liver and heart. BMB also affects the speciation of transition metals, the morphology of particles, their composition, their size, and all the limits that may lead to adverse health effects [40].

The indoor combustion of biomass fuels in un-vented cooking, and heating spaces also caused major health problems to its users. Biomass fuels, while burning improperly, release much amounts of toxic or unsafe gases to the surroundings. Besides CO2, CO, and NOx, some other harmful particles are released like hydrocarbons, organics, aldehydes, and trace amounts of aromatic and ketones. The moisture content with biomass fuels of lower energy content (such as animal and crop waste) results in the higher smog emissions. Sulfur emissions are much lower and forming particulates can be controlled at the source [41]. Apart this accident and injuries took place by the burning of biomass or likely fuels cannot be avoided. Such as gasoline contamination of kerosene has associated in accidental fires with the use of kerosene illumination lamps, and cook stoves in the liquid fuels. It has explored that potential cause of accidental fires in lamps, and lanterns filled with contaminated fuel through controlled tests using typical appliances and varying amounts of contamination. A common cause of fires is filling hot appliances that are in operation or close to an open flame [42].

It has estimated that around 50% of households use biomass, and coal as their main source of energy for cooking, and heating, globally. The recent work concerned with respiratory health, and BMB in developing countries started with investigations into wood smoke exposure in the 1960’s in PNG. In the past two decades, many epidemiological studies were conducted to evaluate the burning solid biofuels as a risk cause of COPD, in Saudi Arabia, Columbia, Mexico, Turkey, and Nepal. It has shown a link between biofuel cooking and in obstructive disease women [43]. There is strong evidence that

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acute respiratory infections in children and COPD in women are associated with IAP. Lung cancer in women is associated with household coal use. Tuberculosis could be associated in other conditions such as COPD in men. According to “WHO”, more than 1.6 million deaths and over 38.5 million disability-adjusted life, years can be attributable to IAP from solid fuels affecting mainly children and women [44]. It is also notable that near one-third of the world’s population burns organic material, and this form of energy associated with high levels of IAP. It is a major source of respiratory infections, pneumonia, tuberculosis, COPD, low birth weight, cataracts, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality both in adults and children [45].

It is understandable from the available data that indoor exposure from biomass combustion products may be high in developing countries in the future. The WHO’s global burden on a disease project, recently estimated that 1,619,000 young children die every year from acute respiratory infections worsened by indoor biomass smoke exposure in the world. Levels of PM (µg/m3) have remarked regularly, and such levels are much higher than outdoor PM levels even in highly polluted cities. It has noticed that the rural women living in southern China has higher indoor PM exposures than urban women, and has more COPD as a consequence. Exposure to pollutants produced from heating, and cooking oils to high temperatures is associated with lung cancer in non-smoking women. A meta-analysis of Chinese’s studies confirms that both indoor coal smoke, and cooking oil vapors increase the risk of lung cancer [46]. Exposure to combustion products can have potentially harmful short-term and long-term effects on health. Although some of these products have noted to occur in varying amounts after biomass fires for which little or no information exists (about the intensity of human exposure and resulting health effects). The known products, their health effects, and the reasons influencing their effects have been described for PM, PAHs, CO, VOCs, Aldehydes, etc., in Table 8 [47-50].

The condition becomes more critical when materials such as; wet wood, processed wood, wood pellets and garbage are burned. The short chimney and reduced draft often fail to spread the smoke, resulting in more concentrated pollution at lower heights reaching residents, and neighbors. Exposure to this smoke (like other pollutants) can cause to short-term health harms such as; eye, nose, throat, lung irritation, coughing, shortness of breath, and may aggravate asthma or trigger asthma attacks (New York State Environmental Protection Bureau, October 2005). Near about one in every six people, is susceptible to the irritating effects (allergies and asthma) of smoke from open biomass like burning leaves, and other wastes or residues. Eighty-five percent of the particles from leaf smoke are inhaled deep in the lungs and became adverse physical or chemical effects. The smoke from burning leaves affects surrounding places too or neighbor places where the burning executes. Those experiencing respiratory problems have decreased mobility and cannot enjoy the fall season.

Table 8: Resulting health effects from different combustion products

Combustion products

Resulting Health Effects [57-59]

PM Lung function, respiratory, cardiovascular mortality, asthma, emphysema

PAHs Lung cancer CO, SO2 Heart and lung VOCs Skin and eye irritation, drowsiness,

coughing and wheezing Aldehydes Eye, throat and nose effects Organic Acid Irritation of mucous membranes Free Radicals Human tissue Ozone (O3) Coughing, choking, improper

breathing, throat tickle, nausea, excess Sputum

Inorganic fraction of Particles

Breathing problem and lung function

Trace gases Skin lesions, hyper-igmentation, liver function, lipid metabolism, body weakness, weight loss, nervous system, sarcoma, lymphoma

Radionuclide and Herbicides

Thyroid, cancer and throat cancer

NO Heart, lung, and Premature death Benzene, HCL, Cl, and Styrene

Lung problem and cancer

Toluene Nervous system breakdown

Damage to the streets, can occur from the piles or heaps of burning leaves and gives off pollutants such as; particulates, CHCO, and CO. Beside the chemical pollutants released, mold spores are scattered in the plume of the fire. These spores may affect people with allergies (American Lung Association of Iowa 1992). Although this type of smoke effects the persons but the smoking of tobacco leaves (cigarettes and clay pipes) is also a major cause of cancer and besides this; it affects the global and regional burden of cancers in combination with other risk causes that affect background cancer mortality patterns In the year 2000, there were 1.42 million cancer deaths around the world, in which 21% of total global cancer deaths were caused by smoking. After that 1.18 million deaths were among men and 0.24 million among women; 625, 000 smoking-caused cancer deaths occurred throughout the world and 794, 000 in industrialized regions. Lung cancer accounted for 60% of smoking-attributable cancer mortality followed by cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract (20%). More than one in every five cancer deaths throughout the world in the year 2000, caused by smoking (making it possibly the single largest preventable cause of cancer mortality) [51].

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There is one common contributor (categorized with biomass) in outdoor and indoor pollution i.e. tobacco smoking. The burning cigarette produces smoke primarily in the form of mainstream smoke (that smoke inhaled by the smoker during puffing) and side stream smoke (that smoke released by the smoldering cigarette while not being actively smoked). Because of the lower temperature in the burning cone of the smoldering cigarette, many tobacco combustion products are enriched in side stream compared to the mainstream. The particles in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are in the submicron size range, and as such, penetrate deeply into the lung when inhaled. The respiratory tract (which extends from the nose to the alveoli) absorbs the gases in a manner dependent on their chemical and physical characteristics. While exposures of involuntary and active smoking differ quantitatively and, to some extent, qualitatively involuntary smoking results in exposure to multiple toxic agents including known human carcinogens generated by tobacco combustion. The concentration of the various ETS constituents in an indoor space depends on the number of smokers and their pattern of smoking, the volume of the space, the ventilation rate and the effectiveness of the air distribution, the rate of removal of ETS from the indoor air by air cleaners, deposition of particles onto surfaces, and surface adsorption and re-emission of gaseous components. Biomarkers of ETS exposure, i.e., indicators in biological materials such as nicotine in saliva and blood, have also measured; measurable concentrations of these biomarkers (continuing) have found in the bodies of exposed nonsmokers, indicating uptake of ETS [52]. Not only this, cigarette smoking is linked to all major types of cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that smoking initiates transformed cell growth and migration by disrupting cell-cell interactions in the polarized mucosal epithelium. Together with other adherens junction proteins, p120-catenin maintains cell-cell adhesion through its direct interaction with E-cadherin. Mislocalization and/or loss of p120ctn have reported in all lung cancer subtypes and are related to poor prognosis. Chemical blockade of EGFR/ Src signaling inhibited smoke-induced activation of cofilin and promoted cell migration in the presence of p120ctn but had little effect on blocking migration in the absence of p120ctn [53].

4. SOME OTHER MAJOR SOURCES OF POLLUTION IN INDIA

Besides all of the above discussed sources of pollution, there are some other important sources of pollution from biomass firing in India. It is well-known that India is a country of festivals (of all religions). The flame (fire) has an auspicious place in Indian culture. People born in Indian culture (in India) have a mythological relationship with this. Indians have many traditions such as; (i) To have a name for a new born baby, “Namakaran

- Sanskar”, a traditional way in which worship of God is carried through, “Hawan”, in which wood

is fired with some other heavy pollutants known as “Saamiggiri”.

(ii) Same custom is followed for marriage in India tradition.

(iii) Beside this, if any person is dead then the dead body has been put into the fire (funeral) in which 50 Kg to 150 Kg of wood consumed along with the dead body.

Apart this, regarding the festivals, in India than almost festivals are celebrated by firing tons of biomass. ‘Diwali’ and ‘Eid’, both are celebrated by firing an uncountable number of firecrackers, candles, and ‘Diyaas’ (small open shell filled with vegetable oil which is burned with thin roll cotton). Many harmful pollutants are released while burning of them that directly have an effect on the humans [54]. On “Holi” and “Lohri”, tons of firewood, crop residues and dung-cakes are fired on uncountable places in mass. There is also a notable reason, the way to make happy the lords or completion of any desired wish, an “Anushthan”, is carried out at the temples, Gurudwaras and in an open field, by firing wood pellets. It remains, to be continued for two to three days, or sometimes for a week. While on the other side, a free food, “Prasad” is continued to cook and distributed among the people on there and the participants of worship. The wood fuel is used there, to cook the food and heating. On the banks of holy rivers in India, “Aarti”, is carried out thousands of “Diyaas”, which released a huge amount of carbon pollutants. Apart this, the Indians keep on one more tradition, “Shraad” for the peace to the souls of their ancestors, in which wood fuel is fired with some other mixtures or bundles of pollutants generators. The Unknown amount of biomass has been consumed per day in all those activities of Indian culture. No one can actually estimate this burning fuel and pollution because it.

Besides this, the transport is another largest source of pollution that causes almost 67% of the CO, then NOx, and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. Various pollutants like NOx, CO, and SO2 are formed by the combustion of fossil fuels such as; gasoline while transporting by cars, trucks, buses, etc. It blocks the inhaling of oxygen to the brain, heart, and other vital organs, making it more deadly. Toxic compounds are emitted by vehicles, refineries, and gas pumps, have been related to birth defects, cancer, and other serious illnesses. Besides this it is also remarkable that India has a notable number of most polluted world cities by PM (µg/m3) such as; Delhi (150), Kolkata (128), Kanpur (109), and Lucknow (109) (WBS-1984, EIA 2007). Another major contributor to global warming is industrial pollution. Through the BMB, a large amount of CO2 and PM are being added to the atmosphere daily. According to National Geographic, “Soot” (a prime ingredient of city smog) is the second-largest contributor to GHG in the atmosphere. It normally originates in the environment, as a by-product of coal based power plants; petroleum vehicles; forest fires, wood burning stoves and fireplaces, dung-fueled fires for heat and cooking, kerosene, and candles [55].

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5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

After study of available literature on alternative fuels, biomass is notified as a primary source of heating, cooking, and transport, globally and found playing a supportive role in different aspects of life. The wood pallets, crop residues, animal dung, bushes and leaves, pulp and papers, are mostly used for heating, and cooking. It has observed that people collect the waste nearby them (waste paper, dry leaves, etc.) to produce fire for heating (e.g. a tea seller on a tea stall on the highways often uses this waste to produce fire to make tea or for pasteurization). Besides this, ‘bio-diesel’ is used for the transportation (a fuel made from biomass has properties like diesel fuel). It is obtained from waste vegetable oils produce from cooking, palm oil, canola oil, and also from Jatropha, Karanjia, and Pongamia plants [56]. In many industries, biomass is used for heating in massive quantity. Biomass is also used for power generation, and contributes for power consumption at the various countries’ levels. Obviously, biomass gives the desired result in short of time and available easily at a reasonable cost in urban areas. In rural, and hilly areas, it is available free of cost in the figure of forests, crop residues, solid wastes, and animal dung.

The worst drawback of biomass is that as a fuel it produces more greenhouse gases (while burning) which can be absorbed by residual plants and making it an unsafe contributor to global warming. Besides this, someone actually must spend energy and time to collect biomass in one location before the heating or cooking. Apart this, if people harvest trees for use as a fuel, then same quantity of trees (energy) will take many of the years to replace to be an equivalent figure (or to be recovered). In the previous sections, the impact of the biomass combustion is already discussed but beside those some other matters are also considerable like, burning of biomass has often become a major reason of fire accidents, the endings of forests, less education to children by wasting of time to collect it, and harmful diseases to humans especially increasing rate of cancer and burn. We can’t neglect all those factors from burning of biomass, worldwide.

The impact of biomass burning can be seen mostly in living areas i.e., outdoor or indoor area globally. Epidemiological studies conducted in Asia show that short-term outdoor air pollution, especially PM, influences cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This may bias our current understanding of air pollution effects toward more urbanized, motorized, Westernized, and economically developed Asian countries, which encompass only a small proportion of the total Asian population. The associations between CVD mortality, as well as morbidity, and important sources of air pollution, such as industrial, agricultural, and 2-stroke mobile sources, as well as trans-boundary pollution have not sufficiently studied yet in many Asian countries. A more collaborative research is especially needed to elucidate short-term and long-term air pollution effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [57]. While on the other side the IAQ directly impacts occupant

health, comfort and work performance. Well-established, serious health impacts resulting from poor IAQ include Legionnaires’ disease, lung cancer from radon exposure, airborne infection such as pulmonary tuberculosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome, and CO poisoning. People in buildings frequently report discomfort and building-related health symptoms, and sometimes develop building-related illnesses. Excessive dampness or moisture in buildings is associated with a range of problems including mold, dust mites and bacteria; and exposure to damp environments is associated with respiratory problems including asthma attacks. Other health effects associated with the indoor environment include symptoms of allergies and asthma, respiratory illnesses, and toxic and systemic effects with known causes [58].

Numbers of the precautions we can have such as; escape from the improper burning of biomass, use completely dry biomass (no moisture contents and dust-free), use clean fuels for heating and cooking like; LPG, electricity, and use some other alternative energy fuel like “Solar Energy”. This source of energy is discussed here because of abundant and free availability in almost places of the world. Solar energy is extremely important for us to survive, much more reliable, and never-ending source of energy. The great advantage of this form of energy is non-polluting, free of cost, and surplus in availability in almost regions globally [59]. Besides helping us to keep warm, and enabling other organisms to survive, it is used in the commercial power production. Solar water heaters, solar cookers, solar-energy hybrid systems, as well as other kitchen appliances are becoming admired (Table 9). It is quite impressive that a greenhouse uses a solar power. Energy from the sun will help the plants to grow and favorable to the plants during the winter time when they would normally die because of low ambient conditions. Beyond this, it is essential for photosynthesis (the process through which plants produce energy and process nutrients for their growth).

The commercial use of this source of energy supports to provide a renewable energy source by using PV cells, as well as through harvesting wind, and hydro power, both by products produced from solar energy. Although PV currently appears a costly choice for producing electricity compared with other energy sources but many countries supporting this technology, because of its promising potential, and the additional benefits (besides producing electricity). Future work needs to address technical developments closely with standards development, and changes in regulatory frameworks, so PV technology becomes an active part of the tomorrow’s electricity network. After investing in solar energy (first cost may be high), the high investment can be recovered in the form of fuels or money saving after the installation, because of short PBP of solar-energy systems. Many of the governments provide a good subsidy on solar- energy system and tax relaxation also [60-61]. In India, capital subsidies initially used, are funded either through donor or government. SWHs and solar cookers receive capital subsidies of, Rs. 1,500, Rs. 1,250 and Rs. 2,000 per square

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Table 9: Comparison of solar energy and biomass energy

Parameters Solar Energy Biomass Cost Both low and high

initial cost Less costly

Operation Silent Light disturbing Mode of use Direct or indirect Through combustion Availability Huge amount most

places Limited

Process Slow High Applications Cooking,

heating, cooling, transportation and power generation

Almost heating applications

Benefits Non polluting, free of cost

Easily available, fast process

Payback 1 to 4 years (except P-V)

Number of the years

Maintenance Low High Source Sun Forests, cattle dung

and wastage Risks Sun burns Fire accidents and

health diseases Savings High Low Transportation Easy Little Tough Subsidy Up to 80% Up to 30% Income Tax Relaxation while

purchasing No relaxation

Carbon credits

Good Poor

Loan facility Available Non-available Policies Promotions by

Governments No promotions

meter, respectively. Recently, a production-based subsidy offered by the Indian government has been supplemented by a combined feed-in-tariff of about Rs. 15/kWh for solar PV/T projects commissioned after 31.03-2011 (for up to 25 years). For below poverty line (BPL) families, 100% of the system cost will be underwritten by the state governments. The subsidy for solar PV water pumping was Rs. 100/Wp and as much as Rs. 135/W in the special category states. India now relies on a mix of mechanisms, including various taxes, and generation- based incentives, renewable purchase obligations, capital subsidies and speeded up to depreciation.

The best way to save the world’s energy is to design, or develop some hybrid solar-energy systems for performing multiple tasks. They can, not only stop the carbon emissions but save the energy in many useful forms like; fuel savings, electricity savings or financial savings. Mostly solar-energy systems like solar cooker, solar dryer, solar still, solar air heater, solar kiln, PV cell, solar lantern, solar domestic light, and solar

water heater are already performing well for good satisfaction, as well as a combined unit in different combinations for multitask in different climates in different countries [62-66]. These types of a systems sort out the problem of continuing attention of the operator, while performing purposely. People have used effective renewable energy in several different ways, helping to reduce energy consumption in the developing world, thus providing a cleaner, safer environment for people to live in. This is especially important now as the oil reserves deplete progressively more each year, paving the way for alternative energy.

There are also some other good benefits of using solar energy. It is less expensive than electric heating. By using solar energy; a lot of money on electricity bills can be minimized. Remote areas are the major candidates for solar-energy utilization for various activities like cooking, lighting, heating, etc. It is a vast mode to generate clean energy for heating, electric and cooking needs. If you are in an area where fresh water is scarce, than desalination of water is an enormous utilization of this energy, which evaporates to brine, and leaves the salt crystals in the bottom of the basin. The water condenses back in another basin, and becomes drinkable. Lastly, the solar energy is far much better than biomass energy, especially in cooking and heating. This is the really clean form of energy, which affects all the favorable way and provides us a sustainable future.

5. CONCLUSION The biomass energy really supporting us in a sustainable role. There are various appreciative roles such as: producing heat for different household and commercial use, power production, making of medicines, making of furniture and transportation mainly. These activities also supports to us by providing some of the best jobs especially in the case of making of medicines and furnitures or sports goods. It also helps us to minimize the global energy consumption up to 25% to 30%. Besides this in many countries biomass is the prime source of cooking and water heating. People below poverty line are dependent on this source of energy for earning their livelihood and cooking. They often sell tea, breakfast, junkfood etc., on trally (movable table) cum stalls which is cooked on wood pellets. In rural areas biomass is also used for lighting and to get warm in cold or winters, numerous wood pellets, crop residues, dung cake , dry grass and solid waste are directly fired purposely. It is also notable that it is collected from forests or from the gardens at free of cost. By this it can be concluded that biomass support us in various needs of our life. But the art of using the source of energy create lots of problems. The moisture contents wood, dung cakes, crop residues, and other solid waste release bundle of pollution while burning. Biomass burning is not safe in any manner; it will definitely generate pollution at the time of burning, which is a major cause of respiratory illness and especially cancer. Beside this sometime this becomes a major reason of fire accident, in which people bear up uncountable

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losses (loss of house, money, working papers, and some time persons too). We can see from figure 4 that cancer can be attacked anywhere in our body by environmental pollution generated by biomass burning or tobacco smoking. This is the major reason of respiratory illness and premature deaths around the globe.

This harmful effect can be minimized by using well dried wood pellets and proper combustion of fuel for desired work. Good ventilation or roof chimney also minimizes the pollution. Use of solar energy applications should be promoted by the governments of almost countries with good subsidies globally. While the tobacco smoking can be controlled only, if the concern person wish to be get rid of. Lastly, biomass is a power source and the people must use it in a good manner for their health and long life.

Nomenclature:

BMB Biomass burning GHG Green house gas (es) LPG Liquefied petroleum gas WHO World health organization IAP Indoor air pollution CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide NOX Nitrogen oxide HEC Household energy consumption COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease MTOE Million tons of oil equivalents BME Biomass energy CHP Combined heat and power BP British petroleum CSP Concentrated solar power → Special highlights

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