Geography review

profileAbdulla99
120_04_Exam2_Immigration_S18.pdf

Geography of Human

Diversity in the U.S.

Migration

Migratory Movement

Migration is a permanent change in residence to a different political state

Internal migration occurs when people relocate within their own country

International migration occurs when people relocate to another country

Types of migration: Emigration – when people leave their home country (outgoing)

Immigration – when people arrive at their destination (incoming)

Types of Migration in the U.S.

Voluntary migration

Free choice of movement

Most immigrants fall in this category

Involuntary migration

Slavery – pre Civil War period

Annexation – American Indians, Alaska natives,

Hawaiians

Colonialism – Puerto Ricans and Pacific

Islanders

Streams and Counterstreams

Voluntary migration is selective

Flows vary in size based on:

Perceived degree of difference between source

and destination

Availability of information

Distance to be traveled

Intervening obstacles may alter migration

plans

Counterstream of returnees to home

Push Factors (reason for leaving)

Economic

Lack of land

Lack of jobs

No business

opportunities

Social

Religious

persecution

Political unrest

War

Environmental

Floods

Famines

Droughts

Overcrowding of

farms and cities

Primary reasons

for emigration are

economic factors

Pull Factors in the U.S.

Economic

Plentiful land

Lots of jobs

Business/trade opportunities

Social

Religious freedom

Political freedom

Environmental

Good climate

Plentiful rainfall

Adaptation of Minority Groups

Three concepts of Americanization: Assimilation (Anglo-conformity)

English as dominant language

Anglo culture norms

Melting pot (hybridization) Intermingling of cultures to produce a “new American” culture

The “new” culture strongly resembles the Anglo conformity model

Cultural pluralism (multiculturalism) Minority cultures retain their culture AND participate in the dominant Anglo society

Some groups are successful and some are not

Sometimes referred to as the “Lumpy Stew”

Adaptation by Assimilation

Race Relations Cycle Theory

Five stages of adaptation:

Separatism

Accommodation

Acculturation

Assimilation

Amalgamation

These are not necessarily exclusive or

sequential for all groups

Separatism

Begins as the geographic separation of the minority group from the “others”

Necessary to maintain their way of life after arriving in the U.S.

May be short term or may last for generations

Amish, Mormons and Chinatowns are good examples of long term separation

Accommodation

The minority group adopts certain

traits of the majority group

This is a necessary step to participate

in society

Examples are:

Dress

Language (for employment and school)

Holidays

Acculturation

Greater adoption of material traits

Minority cultural elements may be

used at home

Cultural attitudes and values may be

adopted at this time

Dominant culture may accommodate

certain minority traits within society

Assimilation

Minority groups adopts the cultural

traits of the majority and identifies

with that group

Intermarriage occurs without

repercussions from the majority

The minority group ceases to exist at

this time

Amalgamation

The biological merging of distinct

racial stocks with the dominant group

Some amalgamation usually occurs

without approval of others

Formal amalgamation allows

interaction and habitation within close

quarters

Melting Pot

Assumes that all immigrants will over

time meld together into a new

American identity

Continually changing mix guarantees

a dynamic cultural evolution

Foundations are believed to be

anchored in American ideals of

political and economic freedom

Multiculturalism

Recognized cultural diversity as a

strength not a weakness

Becomes a goal not a step in a linear

process

Mitigates the hierarchical positions of

immigrants and minorities

Establishes a new social order

The “Lumpy Stew” concept

The Role of Migration

Destinations of Migrants

Sources Regions of Immigrants

Total Immigration (1820- 2015)

Europe – 40,173,329

Asia – 14,210,803

Canada – 4,824,052

Mexico – 8,491,557

Caribbean – 5,390,798

Central America – 2,129,558

South America – 3,039,146

Africa – 1,976,542

All countries – 81,551,120

Peak Periods

Waves of migrants

1st peak (1848 - 1857) – 3,092,697

2nd peak (1881 - 1890) – 5,246,613

3rd peak (1905 - 1914) – 10,121,940

Current (1990 - 2015) – 26,269,226 Average 1,010,355 per year

Undocumented immigration???

Estimates range from 11 – 12 million

75% from Mexico and Central America

Undocumented Immigration (6.8 million out of 11.1 million total)

Population Centroid

Immigration Restrictions (1800s)

1875: Banned prostitutes and convicts

1882: Banned lunatics, idiots, convicts

1882: Chinese Exclusion Act

1885: Alien Contract Labor Law: banned importation of contract laborers

1888: Deportation Law: allowed deportation of contract laborers

1891: Banned those afflicted with diseases, immigrants deemed immoral (polygamists, etc.) paupers; authorized deportation of illegal immigrants

Immigration Restrictions (1900s)

1903: increased inadmissible classes; banned epileptics and the insane; beggars, anarchists, white slavers

1906: made English a requirement

1907: increased inadmissible classes again; imbeciles, feeble minded, tubercular, criminals with moral offences

1917: Literacy requirement; expanded inadmissible classes; alcoholics, stowaways, vagrants

Quotas and Origins Acts

1921: Emergency Quota Act – 3% limit by

national origin in 1910 (European

immigration limited to 355,000)

1924: National Origins Act – 2% limit by

origin (1890 Census) except Canada &

Latin America; 150,000 annual limit;

designed to maintain ethnic balance

1929: National Origins Act – changed

quotas to reflect U.S. population in 1920

Immigration Reform

1952: Immigration and Nationality Act – all nationalities became eligible for citizenship; established preference system

1965: INA Amendments - repealed national origins acts; allowed Asian immigration

1986: IRCA – amnesty (1982) and employer sanctions for hiring illegal immigrants

1990: flexible cap of 675,000; family- based, employment & diversity; excludes refugees; sets up TPS program

Deportable Aliens Apprehended

Illegal Immigration Reform and

Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

Authorized hiring 5,000 new Border Patrol agents

(currently 21,000 in 2012) and 300 INS agents

Money allocated for border fencing, aircraft, night

vision goggles, helicopters, etc.

Penalties increased for illegal border attempts and

for aliens apprehended in the U.S.

Aliens convicted of minor crimes can be deported

and banned from re-entry for years

Limited recourse for challenging deportation

rulings in court

IIRIRA Penalties

If caught at border: $250 fine

If caught trying to evade the Border Patrol at high

speeds: Up to 5 years in prison and deportation

If present in the U.S. for more than 180 days but

less than 1 year: Barred from readmission for 3

years

If present in the U.S. for more than one year:

Barred from readmission for 10 years

Minor offenses like shoplifting could trigger

deportation proceedings (previous law specified

deportation only for criminal offenses with 5 year

prison sentences)

Refugees & Asylees

End of World War II brought a surge of refugees from war torn countries

Refugee policy has been inconsistent over the years

Early policy allowed increased entrants charged against future quotas

Congress passed acts for special cases (Cuba, Vietnam, etc.)

Refugee Act of 1980 clarified policy on refugees vs. asylees and removed entrants from quotas

Micro Level Economic Migration

Theories

Neo-classical: Based on rational decisions by individuals

Actions driven by differential wage rates between two countries

May be affected by government policies on minimum wages, income taxes and immigration

New Economics of Migration: Based on decisions by the family or household units

Migration by a larger number of people may offer opportunities not available to an individual

Employment may cross gender lines causing upheaval in household traditions

Macro Level Economic

Migration Theories

Dual Markets: Based on labor needs on modern industrial societies

Government might assist industries in securing low-skill labor through special programs

Wage differences between developed and developing countries may not be important

World Systems: Complex theory based on spread of global capital from center (rich countries) to periphery (poor countries)

International labor moved in the opposite direction from the periphery to the core (rural to urban)

Linked to colonialism and post-colonial period

Urban Ethnic Landscapes

Incipient urban landscapes of ethnic

arrival

Consolidated urban landscapes of

ethnic enclaves

Defensive urban landscapes of ethnic

contention

Relic urban landscapes of residential

abandonment

Arrival Stage

The pioneers who arrive first!

Generally converge on a low rent part

of town where rents are cheap and

buildings are available

Rent or lease unoccupied commercial

buildings for retail or service

businesses

Existing architecture is unaltered

except for paint and signage

Consolidation Stage

Numbers grow as the news of the success of the

pioneers spreads

More businesses open as more people move into

the enclave

Institutions become established:

Newspapers

Temples or churches

Business and social clubs

Density increases as other groups are pushed out

of the area

Ethnic architecture emerge as new buildings are

constructed and existing buildings are purchased

Defensive Stage

Population stagnates and declines usually as a

result of young people moving out of the enclave

but sometimes because the number of new

arrivals has declined

The level of assimilation in the community has

reduced the need for services originally deemed

essential for survival

As businesses downsize or close new arrivals

from other ethnic groups rent the space and

change the type of products and services

offered

The contest for control of space grows over time

Relic Stage

The residential population has declined to

minimal levels with few or no new arrivals to

replace people who move on or die

The established businesses continue to

operate usually with foreign labor

Foreign investment slowly changes the cultural

footprint of the community

How long can a relic enclave last?

Depends on the financial support of the city

government and the level of outside investment

Lifecycle of Ethnic Landscapes

Stages are not always sequential

Length of time in each stage depends on

level of assimilation of the ethnic group

Some urban landscapes never evolve into

an enclave

Some enclaves remain uncontested for

generations

Most disappear over time