Study Guide h.w
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Chapter 8 Lecture
Contemporary Human Geography 3rd Edition
Chapter 8:
Political Geography
Marc Healy
Elgin Community College
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.1 A World of States
The United Nations
The most important global organization is the United Nations, created at the end of World War II by the victorious Allies.
The number of UN members reached 193 in 2011.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.1 A World of States
The United Nations
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.2 Challenges in Defining States
Korea
The Korean peninsula is divided between the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North) and the Republic of Korea (South).
Although the two have signed agreements over the years, both continue to claim sovereignty over the entire Korean peninsula.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.2 Challenges in Defining States
Korea
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.2 Challenges in Defining States
Crimea
When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, Crimea was part of the newly independent Ukraine.
In 2014, Russia invaded Crimea and annexed it, over the opposition of most other countries.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.2 Challenges in Defining States
Crimea
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.2 Challenges in Defining States
Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands
Japan, the People’s Republic of China, and Taiwan all claim sovereignty over several small uninhabited islands in the East China Sea.
To bolster their claims, China and Japan have both established air zones in the East China Sea with conflicting boundaries.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.2 Challenges in Defining States
Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.2 Challenges in Defining States
Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic)
An independent Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, declared by the Polisario Front rebels, is recognized by most African countries as a sovereign state.
Morocco, however, claims it and has built a 2,700-kilometer (1,700-mile) wall around it to keep out the rebels.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.2 Challenges in Defining States
Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.2 Challenges in Defining States
The Law of the Sea
The Law of the Sea, signed by 165 countries, has standardized the territorial limits for most countries.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.2 Challenges in Defining States
China and Taiwan
Most other countries consider China (officially the People’s Republic of China) and Taiwan (officially the Republic of China) as separate and sovereign states.
According to China’s government, Taiwan is not sovereign but a part of China. The government of Taiwan agrees.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.2 Challenges in Defining States
China and Taiwan
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.3 Development of States
Ancient States
The development of states can be traced to the ancient Middle East, in an area known as the Fertile Crescent.
The first states to evolve in Mesopotamia were known as city-states.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.3 Development of States
Ancient States
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.3 Development of States
Medieval States
The Roman Empire collapsed in the fifth century after a series of attacks by people living on its frontiers and because of internal disputes.
The unified control of a king formed the basis for the development of such modern European states as England, France, and Spain.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.3 Development of States
Medieval States
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.3 Development of States
States in Twentieth-Century Europe
After World War I, leaders of the victorious countries met at the Versailles Peace Conference to redraw the map of Europe.
Language was the most important criterion the Allied leaders used to create new states in Europe and to adjust the boundaries of existing ones.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.3 Development of States
States in Twentieth-Century Europe
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.4 Nation-States
Multiethnic and Multinational States
A state that contains more than one ethnicity is a multiethnic state.
Every state in the world is, to a varying degree, multiethnic.
A multinational state is a state that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination and self-government.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.4 Nation-States
Dismantling Multinational States
Czechoslovakia
A multinational state was peacefully transformed in 1993 to two nation-states—Czechia (Czech Republic) and Slovakia.
Soviet Union
The breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) in 1991 resulted in the creation of 15 new countries, including Russia.
Ukraine’s transition from a Soviet republic to a nation-state has been especially difficult.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.4 Nation-states
Dismantling Multinational States
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.4 Nation-states
Russia: Now the Largest Multinational State
The government of Russia officially designates 39 ethnic groups as nationalities.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.4 Nation-states
Russia: Now the Largest Multinational State
The most ethnically challenging region is the Caucasus.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.5 Colonies
The Remaining Colonies
Puerto Rico
Puerto Ricans are citizens of the United States, but they do not participate in U.S. elections or have a voting member of Congress.
Greenland
Greenland runs its internal affairs, but Denmark maintains control of foreign affairs and defense.
Hong Kong and Macao
The two have some autonomy in economic matters, but China controls foreign affairs and defense.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.5 Colonies
The Remaining Colonies
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.5 Colonies
Polar Regions: Many Claims
The South Pole region contains the only large landmass on Earth’s surface that is not part of a state, but several states claim portions of Antarctica.
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea permitted countries to submit claims inside the Arctic Circle by 2009.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.5 Colonies
Polar Regions: Many Claims
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.5 Colonies
Colonialism
European states came to control much of the world through colonialism.
European states established colonies elsewhere in the world for three basic reasons, summarized as God, gold, and glory.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.5 Colonies
Colonialism
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.6 Boundaries
Physical Boundaries
Desert boundaries
A boundary drawn in a desert can effectively divide two states because deserts are hard to cross and sparsely inhabited.
Mountain boundaries
Mountains can be effective boundaries if they are difficult to cross.
Water boundaries
Rivers, lakes, and oceans are the physical features most commonly used as boundaries.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.6 Boundaries
Physical Boundaries
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.6 Boundaries
Cultural Boundaries
Geometric boundaries
Geometric boundaries are simply straight lines drawn on a map.
Ethnic boundaries
Boundaries between countries sometimes separate speakers of different languages, adherents of different religions, or members of different ethnicities.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.6 Boundaries
Cultural Boundaries
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.7 Shapes of States
Elongated States: Potential Isolation
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Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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8.7 Shapes of States
Fragmented States: Problematic
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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8.7 Shapes of States
Prorupted States: Access or Disruption
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.7 Shapes of States
Compact States: Efficient
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Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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8.7 Shapes of States
Landlocked States
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8.7 Shapes of States
Perforated State: South Africa
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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8.8 Governing States
National Scale: Regime Types
A democracy is a country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office.
An autocracy is a country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people.
An anocracy is a country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic but rather displays a mix of the two types.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.8 Governing States
National Scale: Regime Types
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.8 Governing States
Local Scale: Unitary and Federal
Unitary state—Most power is placed in the hands of central government officials.
Federal state—Strong power is allocated to units of local government.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.9 Electoral Geography
Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering is the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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8.9 Electoral Geography
Gerrymandering
Wasted vote
Opposition supporters are spread across many districts but in the minority.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.9 Electoral Geography
Gerrymandering
Excess vote
Opposition supporters are concentrated into a few districts.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.9 Electoral Geography
Gerrymandering
Stacked vote
Distant areas of like-minded voters are linked through oddly shaped boundaries.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.10 Cooperation Among States
Military Cooperation in Europe
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) includes the United States, Canada, and Western European allies.
The Warsaw Pact included the Soviet Union and Eastern European allies.
NATO and the Warsaw Pact were designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.10 Cooperation Among States
Military Cooperation in Europe
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.10 Cooperation Among States
Economic Cooperation in Europe
The most important economic alliance in Europe is the European Union (EU), which had 28 member states as of 2014.
The main task of the European Union is to promote development within the member states through economic and political cooperation.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.10 Cooperation Among States
The Eurozone
The most dramatic step taken toward integrating Europe’s nation-states into a regional organization was the creation of the Eurozone.
The European Central Bank was given responsibility for setting interest rates and minimizing inflation throughout the Eurozone.
Most importantly, a common currency, the euro, was created.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.11 Terrorism by Individuals & Organizations
Terrorism Against Americans
The most dramatic terrorist attack against the United States came on September 11, 2001.
Prior to the 9/11 attacks, the United States had suffered several terrorist attacks during the late twentieth century.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.11 Terrorism by Individuals & Organizations
Terrorism Against Americans
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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8.11 Terrorism by Individuals & Organizations
Al-Qaeda
Responsible or implicated in most of the anti-U.S. terrorism was the al-Qaeda network.
Al-Qaeda (an Arabic word meaning “the foundation” or “the base”) is not a single unified organization, and the number involved in al-Qaeda is unknown.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.11 Terrorism by Individuals & Organizations
Al-Qaeda
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
8.11 Terrorism by Individuals & Organizations
The Islamic State (ISIS)
The Islamic State is another terrorist organization operating in Southwest Asia.
Members of the Islamic State are Sunni Muslims who seek to impose strict religious laws through Southwest Asia.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
State Support for Terrorism
State-sponsored Sanctuary for Terrorists
Countries known to provide sanctuary for terrorists include Afghanistan and Pakistan.
The United States, with the cooperation of several other countries, attacked Afghanistan in 2001 when its leaders, known as the Taliban, sheltered al-Qaeda leaders, including bin Laden, after 9/11.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
State Support for Terrorism
Providing Supplies to Terrorists
Iraq and Iran have both been accused of providing material and financial support for terrorists.
The United States argued that Saddam Hussein’s quarter-century record of brutality in Iraq justified replacing him with a democratically elected government.
The United States and most other countries have opposed Iran’s aggressive development of a nuclear program.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
State Support for Terrorism
Providing Supplies to Terrorists
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
State Support for Terrorism
State Terrorist Attacks
Libya was an active sponsor of terrorist attacks. Examples include
a 1986 bombing of a nightclub in Berlin, Germany, popular with U.S. military personnel then stationed there, killing three (including one U.S. soldier).
planting of bombs on Pan Am Flight 103, which blew up over Lockerbie, Scotland, in 1988, killing 270.
planting of bombs on UTA Flight 772, which blew up over Niger in 1989, killing 170.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein