Study Guide h.w
wairz50501
Chapter 6 Lecture
Contemporary Human Geography 3rd Edition
Chapter 6:
Religions
Marc Healy
Elgin Community College
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.1 Distribution of Religions
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
The Birth of Religions: The Birth of World Religions: Civilizations and Ideas
http://fod.infobase.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=129084
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6.1 Distribution of Religions
Universalizing religions attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location.
Ethnic religions appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place.
Atheism is belief that God does not exist, whereas agnosticism is belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
Percentages Adhering to Various Religions
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.2 -- 3 Major Branches of Christianity
Protestantism
According to Martin Luther, individuals have primary responsibility for achieving personal salvation through direct communication with God.
Grace is achieved through faith rather than through sacraments performed by the Church.
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholics believe that the Pope possesses a universal primacy or authority and that the Church is infallible in resolving theological disputes.
Orthodoxy
A collection of 14 self-governing churches derive from the faith and practices in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.2 Branches of Religions
Branches of Christianity
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.2 – 3 Major Branches of Buddhism
Theravada
emphasizes Buddha’s life of wisdom, self-help, and solitary introspection.
Mahayana
emphasizes Buddha’s life of teaching, compassion, and helping others.
Vajrayana
emphasizes the practice of rituals, known as Tantras, which have been recorded in texts.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.2 Branches of Religions
Branches of Buddhism
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.2 Branches of Religions
Branches of Islam
Islam has two main branches:
Sunni
Sunnis comprise two-thirds of Muslims and are the largest branch in most Muslim countries in the Middle East and Asia.
Shiite
Shiites comprise nearly 90 percent of the population in Iran and a substantial share in neighboring countries.
Differences reflect disagreement over the line of succession in Islamic leadership after the Prophet Muhammad.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.2 Branches of Religions
Branches of Islam
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.3 Distribution of Branches of Christianity
Some countries with a Christian majority exist in Africa and Asia as well.
Christianity is the predominant religion in North and South America, Europe, and Australia.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.3 Distribution of Universalizing Religions
Distribution of Branches of Christianity
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
13
Chapter 6, Figure 6.3.3 Labeled, Religious Affiliation in The United States
6.3 Distribution of Branches of Islam
Islam is the predominant religion of western Asia and northern Africa.
Indonesia, in Southeast Asia, is the country with the largest number of Muslims.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.3 Distribution of Universalizing Religions
Distribution of Branches of Islam
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.3 Distribution of Universalizing Religions
Distribution of Branches of Buddhism
Buddhism is clustered primarily in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.4 Distribution of Ethnic Religions
Hinduism
Hinduism is by far the ethnic religion with the largest number of followers, the world’s third-largest religion, with 900 million adherents.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.4 Distribution of Ethnic Religions
Chinese Traditional Ethnic Religions
Chinese traditional religions are syncretic, which means they combine several traditions.
Confucianism—Confucius was a philosopher whose teachings emphasized correct behavior.
Taoism—Lao-Zi was a government administrator whose writings emphasized the mystical and magical aspects of life.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.4 Distribution of Ethnic Religions
Chinese Traditional Ethnic Religions
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.4 Distribution of Ethnic Religions
Primal-Indigenous Ethnic Religions
Most of these people reside in Southeast Asia or the South Pacific islands.
Followers of primal-indigenous religions believe that because God dwells within all things, everything in nature is spiritual.
Included in this group are Shamanism and Paganism.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.4 Distribution of Ethnic Religions
African Ethnic Traditional Religions
Twelve percent of Africa’s people follow traditional ethnic religions sometimes called animism, the belief that inanimate objects or natural events have discrete spirits and conscious life.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.4 Distribution of Ethnic Religions
African Traditional Religions
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.4 Distribution of Ethnic Religions
Judaism
Most of the world’s 14 million Jews are in two places—two-fifths each in Israel and the United States.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.5 Origin of Religions
Hinduism
Hinduism existed prior to recorded history.
Aryan tribes from Central Asia invaded India around 1400 B.C. and brought with them Indo-European languages and their religion.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.5 Origin of Religions
Christianity
Christianity was founded upon the teachings of Jesus, who was born in Bethlehem between 8 and 4 B.C. and died on a cross in Jerusalem about A.D. 30.
Raised as a Jew, Jesus gathered a small band of disciples and preached the coming of the Kingdom of God.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.5 Origin of Religions
Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama, the privileged son of a lord, was born about 563 B.C. in present-day Nepal.
According to Buddhist tradition, Gautama’s life changed after a series of four trips, after which he emerged as the Buddha, the “awakened or enlightened one.”
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.5 – Islam
The Prophet Muhammad, believed to be a descendant of Ishmael (son of Abraham and Hagar) was born in Makkah about A.D. 570.
Muslims believe that Muhammad received revelation from God through the Angel Gabriel.
The Quran, the holiest book in Islam, records the revelations given to Muhammad.
5 Pillars of Islam
Shahada: Faith
Salat: Prayer
Zakāt: Charity
Sawm: Fasting
Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.5 Origin of Religions
Other Universalizing Religions
Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak (1469–1539), who traveled widely through South Asia preaching his new faith.
Bahá’í was founded during the nineteenth century by Mírzá Husayn-‘Alí Núrí (1817–1892), known as Bahá’u’lláh (Arabic for “Glory of God”).
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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6.6 Diffusion of Christianity
Christianity diffused from its hearth in Southwest Asia through migration.
Christianity spread widely within the Roman Empire through two forms of expansion diffusion:
Hierarchical diffusion—The emperor Constantine embraced Christianity in 313 A.D.
Contagious diffusion—This is the daily contact between believers and nonbelievers.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.6 Diffusion of Religions
Diffusion of Christianity
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.6 Diffusion of Religions
Diffusion of Islam
As was the case with Christianity, Islam diffused well beyond its hearth in Southwest Asia through relocation diffusion of missionaries to portions of sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.6 Diffusion of Religions
Diffusion of Islam
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.6 Diffusion of Buddhism
Buddhism did not diffuse rapidly from its point of origin in northeastern India.
Asoka, emperor of the Magadhan Empire became a Buddhist around 257 B.C. and attempted to put Buddhism into practice.
Merchants introduced Buddhism into China in the first century A.D. and it diffused into Korea and then Japan several centuries later.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.6 Diffusion of Religions
Diffusion of Buddhism
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.6 Diffusion of Religions
Bahá’í diffused to other regions during the late nineteenth century, and during the twentieth century, Bahá’ís constructed a temple on every continent.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
Sikhism remained relatively clustered in the Punjab region of South Asia, where the religion originated.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.7 Sacred Space Religion
Christian Churches
Since Christianity split into many branches and denominations, no single style of church construction has dominated.
Orthodox churches follow an ornate architectural style developed by the Byzantine Empire.
Many Protestant churches in North America are austere, a reflection of the Protestant conception of a church as an assembly hall.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.7 Sacred Space in Religions
Muslim Holy Cities
The holiest places in Islam are in cities associated with the life of Muhammad. The holiest city is Makkah, the birthplace of Muhammad, and the second holiest is Madinah, where Muhammad is buried.
Muslims are expected to undertake the Hajj, a pilgrimage to Makkah, where the Ka’aba stands, the holiest object in Islam.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.7 Sacred Space in Universalizing Religions
Muslim Holy Cities
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.7 Sacred Space in Universalizing Religions
Buddhist Holy Places
Eight places are holy to Buddhists because they were the locations of important events in Buddha’s life.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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6.7 Sacred Space in Universalizing Religions
Holy Places in Bahá’í
Bahá’ìs have built Houses of Worship in every continent to dramatize that Bahá’ì is a universalizing religion with adherents all over the world.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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6.7 Sacred Space in Universalizing Religions
Sikhism’s Holiest Place
Sikhism’s most holy structure, the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple), was built at Amritsar during the sixteenth century.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.8 Landscape in Ethnic Religions
The Calendar in Ethnic Religions
Calendars in ethnic religions are typically based upon the changing of the seasons because of the necessities of agricultural cycles.
Judaism is classified as an ethnic religion in part because its major holidays are based on events in the agricultural calendar of the religion’s homeland in present-day Israel.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/passover-yom-kippur-jewish-holidays_n_3862246.html
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6.8 Landscape in Ethnic Religions
Cosmogony and Spirits -- Examples
Cosmogony is a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.
Christianity and Islam consider that God (Allah) created the universe.
Chinese ethnic religions teach that the universe is made up of two forces, yin and yang, which exist in everything.
To animists, spirits or gods can be placated through prayer and sacrifice.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.8 Sacred Space in Hinduism
The natural features most likely to rank among the holiest shrines in India are riverbanks and coastlines.
Hindus believe that they achieve purification by bathing in holy rivers, the Ganges being the holiest.
- Hinduism is closely tied to the physical geography of India.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.9 Administration of Space
Hierarchical Religions:
Latter-Day Saints
A hierarchical religion has a well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units.
The territory occupied by Mormons, primarily Utah and surrounding states, is organized into wards with populations of around 750 each, which are combined into a stake of around 5,000 people.
Interactive map of Mormons in the US: http :// www.slate.com/articles/life/map_of_the_week/2012/02/mormon_population_in_the_u_s_an_interactive_map.html
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.9 Administration of Space
Hierarchical Religion:
Roman Catholicism
The Pope is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome.
Archbishops head a province, which is a group of several dioceses.
Bishops administer a diocese, the basic unit of geographic organization in the Church.
A diocese is spatially divided into parishes, each headed by a priest, who report to bishops.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.9 Administration of Space
Hierarchical Religion: Roman Catholicism
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.9 Administration of Space
Locally Autonomous Religions:
Islam
Autonomous religions are self-sufficient, and interaction among communities is little more than loose cooperation and shared ideas.
Islam has neither a religious hierarchy nor a formal territorial organization.
A mosque is a place for public ceremony, and a leader known as a muezzin calls the faithful to prayer.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.9 Administration of Space
Locally Autonomous Religions:
Some Protestant Denominations
Protestant Christian denominations vary in geographic structure from extremely autonomous to somewhat hierarchical.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.9 Administration of Space
Locally Autonomous Religions:
Ethnic Religions
Judaism and Hinduism have no centralized structure of religious control.
Hinduism is more autonomous than Judaism because worship is usually done alone or with others in the household.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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6.9 Administration of Space
Religious Place Names
Roman Catholic immigrants have frequently given religious place names, or toponyms, to their settlements in the New World.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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6.10 Religion in Dispute
Taliban Versus Western Cultural Values
The Taliban gained power in Afghanistan in 1996 and imposed very strict laws inspired by Islamic values as they interpreted them.
Islamic scholars criticized the Taliban as poorly educated in Islamic law and history and for misreading the Quran.
Overthrown by a U.S.-led coalition in 2001 the Taliban was able to regroup and resume its fight to regain control of Afghanistan.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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6.10 Religion in Dispute
Hinduism Versus Social Equality
Hinduism has been strongly challenged to dismantle its caste system, which was the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu was assigned, according to religious law.
Since India’s independence in 1947, the rigid caste system has been considerably relaxed, but some people still take it into consideration in activities such as marriage.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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6.10 Religion in Dispute
Religion Versus Communism
Former Soviet Union
After the Bolshevik revolution in 1917, the Soviet Union eliminated the official church–state connection with the Russian Orthodox church.
The end of Communist rule in the late twentieth century brought a religious revival in Eastern Europe.
Countries in Central Asia, where Islam is the predominant religion, are struggling to find a balance between secular laws and values of the former Soviet Union and Islamic traditions.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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6.10 Religion in Dispute
Religion Versus Communism
Southeast Asia
Communist governments in Southeast Asia have discouraged religious activities and permitted monuments to decay, most notably the Angkor Wat complex in Cambodia.
These countries do not have the funds necessary to restore the structures, although international organizations have helped.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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6.10 Religion in Dispute
Religion Versus Communism
Southeast Asia
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.11 Conflict in the Middle East
Religious Importance
Three groups have difficulty sharing territory:
Judaism claims the territory that, in the Jewish Bible, God called the Promised Land.
Christianity claims Palestine as the Holy Land and Jerusalem the Holy City, as events in Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection were concentrated there.
Islam claims Jerusalem as its third holy city, after Makkah and Madinah, because it is the place where Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.11 Conflict in the Middle East
Jerusalem: Contested Space
The most sacred space in Jerusalem for Muslims was literally built on top of the most sacred space for Jews.
With holy Muslim structures sitting literally on top of holy Jewish structures, the two cannot be logically divided by a line on a map.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.11 Conflict in the Middle East
Jerusalem: Contested Space
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.11 Conflict in the Middle East
Palestinians
In 1947, the United Nations partitioned the Palestine Mandate into
the State of Israel, with a Jewish majority.
an Arab state, with a Muslim majority.
Jerusalem, to be controlled by the United Nations.
Israel won wars with its neighbors in 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973, capturing important territories.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.11 Conflict in the Middle East
Palestinians
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.11 Conflict in the Middle East
Palestinians
Five groups of people consider themselves Palestinians:
People living in the territories captured by Israel in 1967
Some Arab citizens of Israel
People who fled from Israel after Israel was created in 1948
People who fled from territories taken over by Israel after the 1967 war
Citizens of other countries who identify themselves as Palestinians
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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6.11 Conflict in the Middle East
Palestinians
Some Palestinians are willing to recognize Israel with its Jewish majority in exchange for return of all territory taken in the 1967 war.
Some Israelis are willing to return most of the territories and recognize Palestine as an independent state.
Some Palestinians still do not recognize the right of Israel to exist, and some Israelis are unwilling to turn over any territory to Palestinians.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
6.11 Conflict in the Middle East
Palestinians
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein