Question 1

Patterned social arrangements that have an enabling or constraining effect on agency are referred to as:

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Structure

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Institutions

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Free will

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Socialization

Question 2

_____ is considered the first female sociologist and argued that injustices such as slavery and women’s inequality stunted a society’s moral development.

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Auguste Comte

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Émile Durkheim

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Karl Marx

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Harriet Martineau

Question 3

Formal organizations characterized by written rules, hierarchical authority, and a paid staff, intended to promote organizational efficiency, are referred to as:

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Institutions

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Universities

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Bureaucracies

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Government

Question 4

The relationship between agency and structure is _____, as ______.

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one-sided, agency influences structure

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one-sided, structure enables or constrains agency

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reciprocal, they both have an effect on one another

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nonexistent, there is no relationship between the two

Question 5

Accepted social behaviors and beliefs are referred to as:

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Norms

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Culture

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Social status

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Values

Question 6

The bonds that unite the members of a social group is referred to as:

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Culture

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Social solidarity

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Norms

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Societal unity

Question 7

_____ believed that nearly all known societies are characterized by some system of division by economic class, which results in conflict as classes compete for wealth, power, and resources.

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Auguste Comte

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Émile Durkheim

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Karl Marx

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Harriet Martineau

Question 8

The ability to evaluate claims about truth by using reason and evidence is referred to as:

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Critical thinking

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Sociological imagination

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Scientific reasoning

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Logical thought

Question 9

The ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and to make social change is referred to as:

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Structure

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Agency

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Free choice

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Individualism

Question 10

A researcher finds that as income increases, square footage of respondent’s home also increases. This is an example of:

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Positive correlation

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Positive causation

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Negative correlation

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Increasatory relationship

Question 11

A variable is defined as:

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The description of a relationship

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A phenomena that is constantly changing

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A term used to summarize a set of phenomena

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A concept that can take on two or more possible values

Question 12

A _____ relationship is one in which one variable is the cause of another variable.

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Correlated

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Causal

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Positive

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Statistical

Question 13

The degree to which two or more variables are associated with one another is referred to as:

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Causation

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Statistical relationship

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Correlation

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Frequency

Question 14

_____ reasoning starts from specific data and tries to identify larger patterns from which to derive more general theories.

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Logical

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Inductive

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Ground-level

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Deductive

Question 15

A researcher finds that as years spent driving increases, the number of accidents decreases. This is an example of:

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Negative causation

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Negative correlation

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Positive correlation

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Decreasing relationship

Question 16

The term used to summarize a set of phenomena is:

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Definition

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Concept

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Operationalization

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Pattern

Question 17

The repetition of a previous study using a different sample or population to verify or refute the original findings is referred to as:

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Verification

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Replication

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Validation

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Reliability

Question 18

A culture that exists together with a dominant culture but differs from it in some important respects is referred to as:

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Ethnicity

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Subculture

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Counterculture

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Subgroup

Question 19

The ability of a local culture to absorb outside influences that fit in and enrich their culture while resisting those that are alien is known as:

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Staying power

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Grobalization

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Glocalization

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Globalization

Question 20

The beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group are referred to as:

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Ethnicity

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Culture

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Society

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Class

Question 21

Powerful mores, the violation of which is considered serious and even unthinkable, are referred to as:

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Criminal laws

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Commandments

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Taboos

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Fundamental values

Question 22

Cultural representations of social realities are referred to as:

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Images

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Symbols

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Trademarks

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Ethnographies

Question 23

The worldview whereby we judge other cultures by the standards of our own is referred to as:

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Patriotism

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Nationalism

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Ethnocentrism

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Multiculturalism

Question 24

Particular ideas that people accept as true are referred to as:

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Religion

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Cultural norms

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Values

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Beliefs

Question 25

Abstract and general standards in society that define ideal principles such as right and wrong are referred to as:

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Laws

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Public opinions

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Religious beliefs

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Values

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    SOC 100 MIDTERM EXAM PART 1
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