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According to Ravitch & Carl (2016) qualitative research is based on the understanding of the phenomena by understanding the reasons as to why people behave the way they do. In other words, qualitative research is a method to understand the behavior of humans and the underlying reasons for their behavior. Additionally, Erickson (2011) describes qualitative research as “it seeks to discover and to describe in narrative reporting what particular people do in their everyday lives and what their actions mean to them”.

     In essence, qualitative inquiry can be described as the tool to understand what drives people to act or to behave in a certain way. Guba (1990, p. 17) described that a paradigm is a net that contains all of the researcher’s ontology, epistemology, and methodology and this “net” is what drives the type of study to be conducted in a specific manner. According to Denzin & Lincoln (2013) seven paradigms stand out within qualitative research (positivist / post positivist, constructivist, feminist, ethnic, Marxist, cultural studies, and queer theory).

     Each of the paradigms offers different criteria, form of theory, and type of narration. For instance: a positivist paradigm works from within a realist and critical realist ontology. The constructivist paradigm assumes that there are multiple realities. A feminist paradigm believes that the real world makes a material difference in terms of race, class, and gender (Denzin & Lincoln, 2013).

References

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (2013). Chapter 1: Introduction: The discipline and practice of

             qualitative research. In The landscape of qualitative research (4th ed., pp. 1-44).

             Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Erickson, F. (2011). Chapter 3: A history of qualitative inquiry in social and educational

             research. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative

             research (4th ed., pp. 43-58). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Guba, E. G. (1990). The alternative paradigm dialog. In E. G. Guba (Ed.), The paradigm dialog

             (pp. 17-30). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Ravitch, S. M., & Carl, N. M. (2016). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical,

             and methodological. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

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