Question: The post–World War II Nuremberg trials concerned war crimes committed by
 
A Nazi leaders
 
B Japanese generals
 
C Collaborators in all former Nazi-occupied European countries
 
D All Nazi, Japanese, and Italian war criminals

Question: Two events in 1949 that helped precipitate a nationwide Communist witch hunt championed by Senator Joseph McCarthy were
 
A The Soviets' explosion of an atomic bomb and the Communist revolution in China
 
B The downing of an American U-2 aircraft and the arrest of its pilot on espionage charges
 
C The invasion of South Korea by Communist North Korean forces and the murder of the South Korean president
 
D The defection of top U.S. officials to Moscow and the conviction and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for providing classified information to the Soviet Union

Question: In 1956, an uprising in Hungary finally precipitated an invasion by Soviet forces when
 
A Hungarian leader Imre Nagy announced that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact
 
B Its leaders expanded their initial purely economic demands to include the establishment of a multiparty system
 
C The Hungarian army ignored orders from Moscow and refused to repress the rebellion
 
D Marshall Zhukov overthrew Communist premier Imre Nagy

 

Question: In 1949, the Soviet Union created regional economic organizations in order to
 
A Increase Russian production so as to stay ahead of production in eastern Europe
 
B Place high tariffs on goods coming into the USSR from eastern Europe
 
C Prevent western European goods from swamping socialist markets in eastern Europe and the USSR
 
D Facilitate economic cooperation between the Soviet Union and its satellite countries

Question: In 1949, the Soviet Union created regional economic organizations of hundreds of SA leaders and other personal enemies, is known as the
 
A Anschluss
 
B Final Solution
 
C Night of the Long Knives
 
D Volkgemeinschaft

Question: In his 1931 address to the world on social issues, Pope Pius XI
 
A Condemned the rising tide of ethnic tensions in eastern Europe as well as political extremism in countries such as Italy, Germany, and Russia
 
B Blamed the decline in European fertility rates on the modern neglect of the family, the emancipation of women, and the spread of contraception
 
C Condemned the failure of modern societies to provide their citizens with the moral and material conditions necessary for a decent life
 
D Called upon Europeans to return to their religious faith in this time of economic distress and to focus on family, thrift, and hard work

Question: Military leaders Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, who gained near dictatorial powers over Germany during the war, gained hero status when they
 
A Halted the French advance at Verdun
 
B Beat the American expeditionary force during the AEF's landing in Belgium
 
C Stopped the massive Russian army on the eastern front
 
D Called for a “war to the death,” which boosted German morale

Question: When, in 1948, the Soviets blockaded Berlin, situated more than 100 miles into the Soviet zone, the United States responded by
 
A Threatening to rescind the Allied agreement concluded at Yalta over the Soviet's role in Korea and Manchuria
 
B Cutting off negotiations with Stalin over the Soviet Union's possible inclusion in the Marshall Plan
 
C Expelling Soviet diplomats from Washington, D.C., and mobilizing U.S. forces in the American zone of occupation in western Germany
 
D Staging Operation Vittles, an ongoing airlift that supplied the residents of Berlin with food and fuel into the spring of 1949

Question: Hitler tried to justify his 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union by calling that country the
 
A “Great Slavic devil”
 
B “Final land for Lebensraum”
 
C “Stooge for Britain and France”
 
D “Center of judeo-bolshevism”

Question: Yuri Gagarin caused great concern in the United States. What did he do to become famous?
 
A He threatened to “bury” the West during a visit to the United States
 
B He was the first man to orbit the earth, thus demonstrating the Soviet Union's advances in space technology
 
C He was the chief scientist on the Russian nuclear weapons program
 
D He was the chief undercover agent for the Soviet Union based in Washington, D.C

Question: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed by Germany and Russia early in 1918
 
A Required Germany and Russia to cede territory for the reconstruction of Poland
 
B Withdrew Russia from the war in exchange for German withdrawal from the Ukraine
 
C Pulled Russia out of the war and changed the balance of the conflict
 
D Led to the creation of the Third International and its aggressive Marxist agenda

Question: Who said “The receptivity of the great masses is very limited; their intelligence is small”?
 
A Joseph Goebbels
 
B Heinrich Himmler
 
C Adolf Hitler
 
D Friedrich Ebert

Question: Of all the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, the one that generated the most outrage in Germany was the
 
A “War guilt” clause
 
B Demand for 132 billion gold marks in reparations
 
C French occupation of the western bank of the Rhine and the coal-rich Saar basin
 
D Loss of Alsace and Lorraine

Question: Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969) and his peasant guerrilla forces finally forced the French to withdraw from Indochina in 1954 after the savage battle of
 
A Saigon
 
B Dien Bien Phu
 
C Phnom Penh
 
D Nam Dinh

 

Question: An antifascist coalition government like the French Popular Front would have been impossible in democratic countries before 1936 because
 
A Stalin had just reversed his ban on international Communists participating in coalition governments
 
B That year saw the defeat of the antifascist Republicans in Spain
 
C That was the year that the League of Nations agreed to such multiparty coalitions
 
D No one recognized that fascism was a growing danger until that year, when Hitler unveiled his new army and air force

Question: In the face of total military defeat by late 1944, Hitler continued to beseech the Germans to fight on, believing that
 
A The Germans, failing to secure victory, deserved to die
 
B They could at least wrest a partial victory from the Allies by holding on to territory in the East
 
C Such resolve would intimidate the Allies into agreeing to a less punishing peace
 
D Divine providence was on the German side and that a turnaround was still possible

Question: The 1935 legislation that deprived German Jews of citizenship, defined Jewishness according to ancestry rather than belief, and prohibited marriages between Jews and other Germans was called the
 
A Aryan Protection Act
 
B Munich Decrees
 
C Nuremberg Laws
 
D Anti-Semitic Defensive Laws

Question: Following the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife in Serbia on July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary sent an ultimatum to Serbia with certain demands; Serbia accepted all of the many terms of the Austrian ultimatum except one, namely
 
A The presence of Austrian officials in the assassination investigation
 
B Serbian government condemnation of anti-Austrian propaganda
 
C A public condemnation of possible Serbian military involvement in the assassination
 
D A firm Serbian promise of noninterference in Bosnia

Question: Upon the outbreak of World War I, the world quickly devolved into two armed and allied camps: the “Central Powers” consisting of
 
A Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia, and the “Allies” consisting of France, Great Britain, Turkey, and Italy
 
B Austria-Hungary and Germany, and the “Allies,” consisting of France, Great Britain, Russia, and Japan
 
C Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and Poland, and the “Allies” consisting of France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States
 
D Austria-Hungary, Germany, Turkey, and Spain, and the “Allies” consisting of France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Russia

Question: The U.S. stock market crash led to a global economic depression because
 
A The United States was unable to pay its war debts to European nations
 
B American lenders called in their international debts, which undermined banks and industry abroad
 
C American banks had borrowed so heavily from foreign lenders that the crash destabilized foreign currencies
 
D Most foreign companies traded their stock on the U.S. market

Question: The inflation in 1923 that made German currency worthless occurred when the German government printed trillions of marks
 
A In an effort to pay the staggering reparations imposed by the Dawes Plan
 
B To cause a financial crisis that would convince the Allies of Germany's inability to pay its reparations
 
C To ensure that workers were paid and to keep up with reparations payments, even though the government knew the currency was valueless
 
D In the mistaken belief that it could control the dip in currency values and bring on an improvement in the German balance of trade

Question: When it was coined, the term second world referred to
 
A Western Europe
 
B The United States, Canada, and Great Britain
 
C The Soviet Union and its socialist allies
 
D The capitalist nations only

Question: Following the official end of hostilities on November 11, 1918, the world experienced another devastating blow with the death of some twenty million more people as a result of
 
A Typhus
 
B Famine
 
C Influenza
 
D Colonial uprisings

Question: The demands of total war in the Soviet Union had encouraged independent initiative and relaxed Communist oversight, a development that Stalin
 
A Encouraged in his five-year plan of 1946 through a series of decentralization measures designed to increase production levels
 
B Praised as proof of worker flexibility and self-empowerment, two linchpins of socialism
 
C Ruthlessly reversed through increased repression, increased production goals, and a still more radical collectivization of agriculture
 
D Reversed with the gradual adoption of the command and control procedures regularly exercised in the ever-growing Soviet army

Question: Great Britain refused to join the European Economic Community (EEC) established by Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands in 1957 because
 
A The other countries refused to base the EEC's administration in London
 
B It did not want to join in the establishment of a single European-wide currency
 
C It opposed German membership
 
D It resisted becoming “just another European country”

Question: In 1929, Joseph Stalin intended to end the Soviet Union's backwardness with an ambitious industrial expansion program called the
 
A New Economic Policy
 
B Struggle for Socialism
 
C Five-Year Plan
 
D Soviet Plan

Question: The single most significant aspect of German military policy in terms of its provocative effect on the United States and subsequent U.S. involvement in the war was
 
A Unrestricted submarine warfare
 
B The Germans' purported use of mass executions in Belgium
 
C Germany's decision to wage a two-front war
 
D The forced removal of entire European populations to labor camps in Germany

Question: Following the end of World War II, the British and Americans were alarmed when
 
A Communist insurgents threatened the British-installed, right-wing monarchy in Greece
 
B Ethnic rivalry in the Balkans left the Serbian Communists as the strongest party in the region
 
C The French Communist Party experienced phenomenal growth
 
D The German Federal Republic failed to outlaw the German Communist Party

Question: One of the lasting effects of World War I was that
 
A International negotiations and peace conferences were abandoned because they had not prevented the war
 
B Certain military terms and soldiers' slang entered common usage, such as lousy, trench coat, rank and file, and basket case
 
C The horror of mechanized war caused many munitions manufacturers to question innovation in arms making
 
D The 1920s were a gloomy decade of retrenchment and cultural stagnation

Question: One development of the 1920s that made it easier for ordinary people to obtain new consumer goods such as refrigerators, washing machines, and stoves was
 
A Electrical appliance warehouses that sold directly to the consumer at dramatically reduced prices
 
B The introduction of lower-priced manufactured goods from the colonies, produced by low-paid native labor
 
C Installment buying, which allowed families to pay for goods over time
 
D Government-sponsored loans that were intended to improve veterans' standard of living

Question: In the spring of 1920, a military coup led by members of right-wing paramilitary units (Freikorps) was put down when
 
A The new head of the German High Command sent demobilized military units to retake Berlin
 
B President Friedrich Ebert called a general strike, which brought Berlin to a standstill and revealed the coup to have no popular support
 
C The communist Spartacists ambushed coup leaders, killing the conspirators at their headquarters in Berlin
 
D The Freikorps clashed with their rivals, the National Socialist “brownshirts,” in a pitched battle in the streets of Berlin

Question: Stalin's use of terror tactics to assure fulfillment of the production quotas in the 1930s
 
A Was in keeping with the tactics used by Lenin to inspire compliance with his New Economic Policy in the 1920s
 
B Led to uprisings among factory workers and the imprisonment of so many workers that production dropped some 20 percent by 1938
 
C Led to the emigration of up to half a million skilled and semiskilled workers until Stalin effectively sealed the borders in 1938
 
D Made lying, such as the falsification of production figures, and corruption permanent features of the Soviet Communist system

Question: In 1964, after a protracted war, Kenya won formal independence when nationalist fighters from the Kikuyu ethnic group, known as Mau Mau,
 
A Repulsed French forces at Mombasa
 
B Overran the capital city of Nairobi, forcing the British to agree to an independence agreement in order to avoid further bloodshed
 
C Defeated the British, but only after the slaughter of some tens of thousands of Kikuyus
 
D Resisted British attempts to retain control by promoting a countrywide strike of state-run industries

Question: The concentration camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau shows that the camps were part of a larger German war strategy because, in addition to being a place of mass murder
 
A It served as a technical testing ground for new German weapons
 
B It was built to look like a munitions factory in the hopes that British and American bombers would target it
 
C It was also used as a labor camp
 
D It was used in propaganda films to prove to Germans that the prisoners there were lower than animals

Question: The Japanese attempted to portray their aggression in Asia as
 
A Restoring ancient religious beliefs and practices, especially Confucianism
 
B Freeing the region from Western imperialism
 
C Establishing democratic governments in place of the ancient monarchies of Asia
 
D A Communist-style state run from a central government located in Japan

Question: When Stalin called for the “liquidation of the kulaks,” he was referring to
 
A Prosperous peasants and anyone who opposed his plans to end independent farming
 
B Coal miners from Siberia who went on strike just before the harsh winter of 1929
 
C The remaining Russian bankers who resisted his plans to nationalize their holdings
 
D Criminals who were making a profit through buying and selling black market goods

Question: In 1936, both France and Britain led Mussolini to believe that they would do little to stop fascist aggression when they
 
A Thwarted an attempt by some members of the League of Nations to impose a rigorous embargo on Italy following Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia
 
B Forcibly repatriated Italian refugees fleeing arrest by Mussolini's fascist police force
 
C Agreed to lower import duties on Italian goods despite Italy's seizure of Abyssinia two weeks earlier
 
D Failed to protest or otherwise respond to the virulent rhetoric that accompanied Mussolini's declaration of a Rome–Berlin axis

Question: By 1917, efforts to put an end to the war mushroomed across the European continent, including all of the following except
 
A Austria-Hungary's secret request to the Allies for a negotiated peace settlement
 
B The German Reichstag's call for a “peace of understanding and permanent reconciliation of peoples”
 
C A rebellion in Vienna led by students who temporarily took hold of the Austrian parliament
 
D A widespread mutiny of French soldiers

Question: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, or COMECON,
 
A Stunted eastern European development by forcing satellite nations to buy exorbitantly priced Soviet-made goods and to sell their own goods to the USSR at a loss
 
B Divided the Soviet eastern European sphere of influence into an agrarian zone in the south and an industrial zone to the north
 
C Propped up many eastern European economies with Soviet-funded subsidies, giving these nations time to produce and sell on their own
 
D Led to an energizing exchange of goods, ideas, and peoples throughout eastern Europe and the Soviet Union and, thus, to a liberalization of Communist political controls
 
 
Question: In April 1917, the Germans moved to destabilize Russia by
 
A Sending agents to blow up railway tracks, provoking a tsarist crackdown on dissidents
 
B Using submarines to cut off the Russian supply lines in the Baltic Sea
 
C Distributing leaflets and forged documents in Russia that purportedly proved that Nicholas II planned to reimpose serfdom
 
D Providing safe rail transportation back to Russia for Lenin and other Bolsheviks

Question: The relentless German bombing of British cities in the summer of 1940 is known as
 
A The battle of Britain
 
B The Summer of Bombs
 
C The Great Air War
 
D The battle of the Atlantic

Question: In the 1930s, although the views of politicians varied, one concern shared by all was that
 
A Greater popular participation in politics would secure political stability by heightening the sense of shared responsibility
 
B Pump priming and government-sponsored job programs offered surefire solutions to effect an economic turnaround
 
C Falling birthrates meant a serious weakening or imminent collapse of individual nations, if not European society altogether
 
D An expansion of overseas markets would generate impressive revenues and lead to future prosperity

Question: World War I was called a “total war” because
 
A All of the countries in Europe, their colonial possessions, and the United States were involved in it
 
B The entire industrial capacity of the state, as well as all civilian and military personnel, was mobilized to fight the war
 
C The new weapons of war, including poison gas and machine guns, killed virtually everyone in their path
 
D Armies on both sides used a scorched-earth tactic to destroy all crops, livestock, buildings, and infrastructure in their paths

Question: The Nuremberg trials against Nazi war criminals, held in the fall of 1945, led to either execution or long-term prison terms for some
 
A 300 senior Nazi SS, Gestapo, and military officers
 
B 24 senior Nazi officials
 
C 1,000 Nazi officials and concentration camp administrators
 
D 100 defendants, including 35 Nazi judges

Question: Total war had a significant impact on gender roles: women on the home front
 
A Became shockingly liberated and promiscuous in the wake of their newfound Freedom from male chaperones, guardians, and even husbands
 
B Were dedicated pacifists who were largely out of sympathy with government and military men
 
C Became convinced of veterans' need for a secure family life and retreated from feminism and women's social gains to cultivate a nurturing domesticity
 
D Were more independent, labored at formerly male occupations, changed to practical hairstyles and clothing, and took advantage of greater political and social freedoms

Question: In the late 1930s, who helped convince the Swedish government of the importance of providing financial assistance, medical benefits, and child-care services to mothers and families?
 
A Frederika Bremer
 
B Alva Myrdal
 
C Selma Lagerlof
 
D Viveca Teuber

Question: Which of the following was not a goal of the European Economic Community (the Common Market) in the 1950s?
 
A Reducing tariffs among its members
 
B Reducing nationalist rivalries
 
C Developing common trade policies for all members
 
D Integrating British Commonwealth trade into European markets

Question: The Dawes Plan (1924), the Young Plan (1929), and the Treaty of Locarno (1925) tried to
 
A Create a balance of power by limiting the number of battleships each country could build
 
B Correct some of the more punitive provisions of the Treaty of Versailles
 
C Avoid an economic depression by establishing a single currency standard
 
D Strengthen the League of Nations with a set of goals for each nation to achieve

Question: Among all the combatants the world over, the country that suffered the greatest number of casualties, with some 7.5 million dead during World War I, was
 
A Germany
 
B France
 
C Great Britain
 
D Russia

Question: In 1949, German centrist politicians founded the new state of the German Federal Republic, whose first chancellor was the Catholic politician
 
A Willy Brandt
 
B Helmut Schmidt
 
C Konrad Adenauer
 
D Ludwig Erhard


 

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