For my LIBBS homework FINAL!
oneoma
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Student’s Guide to APA In-Text Citation
Examples and Exercises
APA in-text style uses the author-year method of citation. The first citation of any work
must include the author, year and, if a specific page needs to be identified, the page
number of the work unless it is mentioned in the text containing the citation. Subsequent
citations to the same work need not include the year as long as the work can easily be distinguished from other works cited in the paper.
Short Quotations
For Exact Quotations:
In the examples below, the citations indicate page number (using the abbreviation "p.").
One may also use chapter numbers (abbreviated "chap."), section numbers, equation
numbers, table numbers, or any other organizational numbering that exists in the source to indicate the reference for a citation.
Rule: Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Put the page number in parentheses at the end of the quotation before the ending punctuation mark.
Example:
As Davis (1978) reported, "If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it
was also startling news for animal behaviorists" (p. 26).
Rule: When the author's name does not appear in the signal phrase, place the author's name, the date, and the page number in parentheses at the end of the quotation. Use commas between items in the parentheses.
Example:
"If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was also startling news for
animal behaviorists" (Davis, 1978, p. 26).
Long Quotations
Rule: When the quotation is more than 40 words in text, do not use quotation marks, but indent the quotation into its own block of text. Note that for blocks of text, the citation
follows the final punctuation of the quoted text.
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Example:
Students having a hard time finding databases isn't a new phenomenon. At the University of
Washington, they have problems too.
With the addition of so many new databases to the campus online system, many students were having difficulty locating the database they needed. At the same time, the role of Session Manager had evolved. The increased importance of the Session Manager as a selection tool made it a part of the navigation process itself. (Eliasen, 1997, p. 510)
Summary or Paraphrase
In general, no quotation marks are required when paraphrasing ideas. Likewise, page numbers or
other indication of specific parts of a source are not necessary unless a specific part of the text is
being referenced.
Examples:
According to Davis (1978), when they learned of an ape's ability to use sign language, both
linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by surprise.
When they learned of an ape's ability to use sign language, both linguists and animal behaviorists
were taken by surprise (Davis, 1978).
Source: http://www.lib.unc.edu/instruct/citations/whywecite/
I. Work with one author
The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the
appropriate point.
From theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945)
II. Work with two authors
The unemployed of Denmark have had the right to request job
related activities such as training or publicly supported work,
but that right has recently become an obligation (Rosdahl &
Weise, 2001, p. 160).
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III. Work by Six or More Authors
Use the first author's name followed by et al.
In their 2002 study Poitras, et al. surveyed over 200 students
finding the majority of them never used the library in their
undergraduate studies (p. 342).
One study concluded that a majority of students never used the
library during their undergraduate studies (Poitras, et al.,
2002, p.342).
Harris et al. (2001) argued that more parental control is
needed.
IV. Corporate Author
If the author is an organization or government agency, use the name of the organization in
your signal phrase or parenthetical citation. If the organization has a familiar abbreviation,
you can name it in brackets the first time you make a citation and use it in all subsequent
citations.
Example #1 (with signal phrase)
According to the American Library Association (2004), "Library
use increased 12% from 2000-2003.
Example #2 (without signal phrase)
Some studies have shown that library use increased from 2000 -
2003 (American Library Association , 2004).
Example #3 (using an abbreviation)
In their study, the ALA (2004) concluded that funding must be
increased for all types of libraries.
V. Periodical Article
The same as for a book.
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VI. Citing a work listed by title (for which you have no author name)
If the author is unknown, use the title of the work in the signal phrase or give the first word
or two of the title in the parenthetical citation. Remember to italicize the titles of books and
use quotations around article/chapter titles.
Example #1 (with signal phrase)
One 2003 guide, "Using the GGU Library" stated that students had
access to over 40 different databases.
Example #2 (without signal phrase)
"GGU students have access to over 40 different databases"
("Using the GGU Library," 2003).
VII. Citing two or more works by the same author
List two or more works by the same author in order of the date of publication:
(Gould, 1987, 1989)
Differentiate works by the same author and with the same publication date by adding an
identifying letter to each date: (Bloom, 1987a, 1987b)
VIII. Authors with the same last name If your reference list includes authors with the same last name, use their initials to
differentiate between the two.
J. Smith (2005) argued that libraries are the cornerstone of a
democracy.
IX. Web Sources
Use author and year of publication.
(American Psychological Association, 1998)
Note: APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles.