PHI 208 Week 5 final exam (50/50)
Qualitywritings20001. According to Rachels, active euthanasia involves: (Points : 1)
the intentional termination of one’s life by another person, to relieve pain and suffering.
ceasing to use “extraordinary means” to prolong someone’s life.
intentionally causing a patient’s death, against the patient’s wishes.
the refusal to treat a patient to avoid incurring unnecessary costs.
Question 2. 2. Rachels claims that once it has been decided that euthanasia is desirable in a case: (Points : 1)
a moral error has already been made.
it has been decided that death is no greater an evil than the patient’s continued existence.
it has been decided that the patient does not have a right to life.
the amount of suffering of the patient becomes irrelevant.
Question 3. 3. In Kant Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, the maxim of an act is: (Points : 1)
the policy or principle that you would be following if you did it.
the expected overall utility resulting from the action.
the moral rule that an act either respects or violates .
all of the above.
Question 4. 4. Which of the following would be an expression of rule utilitarianism, rather than act utilitarianism? (Points : 1)
“It’s okay to torture this person because it may save thousands of lives.”
“It’s immoral to torture this person because the pain it would cause him outweighs any potential benefits.”
“Even if torturing this person right now might be beneficial, the overall consequences of permitting torture would be harmful, and so we shouldn’t allow it in any circumstance.”
“We shouldn't torture this person because we wouldn’t want him torturing us.”
Question 5. 5. Feminist ethics is based around which of the following ideas (Points : 1)
That abstract universal principles can be applied to most situations to find the best action.
That maximizing something like happiness or pleasure is the best way to guide action.
That emotions can be cultivated and ought to be taken into account in ethical theory.
That all humans are autonomous individuals who battle for resources.
Question 6. 6. What does Singer say about finding the basis for moral duties in the “intrinsic dignity” of humanity? (Points : 1)
That God ordained humanity to be the top of the “great chain of being”
That mankind is the most important species because it is the most intelligent
That dolphins have actually been shown to be more intelligent than humans in many respects
That such fine phrases are a last resort for philosophers who cannot find a distinction that gives humans worth while denying it to all other species
Question 7. 7. In the video “What Is Just War Theory?” Michael Walzer argues it is important to read the essays and memoir literature of soldiers because (Points : 1)
they make the toughest moral decisions on the battlefield
they contain critical material regarding the actual experience of war
moral arguments about war should ring true to
all of the above
Question 8. 8. What does Tom Regan say is the source of inherent value in an individual? (Points : 1)
Individuals have equal inherent value by virtue of being experiencing subjects of a life, i.e. conscious beings whose lives matter to them
We have equal inherent value if we are able to experience pain and pleasure, suffering and misery
We do not all have inherent value; only those that live and abide by moral principles have inherent worth
Different societies have different views about what is right and wrong, so the ‘inherent value’ of individuals is relative
Question 9. 9. The philosopher John Stuart Mill recognized the following as a potential problem for utilitarianism (Points : 1)
It holds people to standards that are too high.
It may lead to increased liberty and justice.
It may result in a tyranny of the majority
It may lead people to think independently of religious authority.
Question 10. 10. Nagel’s argument that hostility or aggression should be directed at its true object means that which of the following would probably not be permissible? (Points : 1)
Torturing a prisoner to get the names of his confederates.
Attacking an enemy country’s agricultural system.
Bombing major cultural centers.
All of the above.
Question 11. 11. Leon Kass argues that legalizing euthanasia will: (Points : 1)
lead to a breakdown of trust in the doctor-patient relationship.
lead to patients feeling coerced into opting for euthanasia.
lead to a decline in the use of palliative care.
all of the above.
Question 12. 12. Which answer best describes Noddings’s statements about how mothers frequently to feel about losing their children in war? (Points : 1)
Mothers rest assured that the deaths of their children was fully justified by the good they did in the war
Mothers often allow their desire to demonstrate patriotism to override their natural opposition to war and the death of their children
Mothers universally oppose war and the death of children that it inevitably brings
Mothers are generally more enthusiastic for war than anyone else because they know it will make the world safer for future generations
Question 13. 13. If Midgley is correct, moral scepticism (Points : 1)
Leads to inaction.
Leads to crude opinions.
Leads to immorality.
Rejects all criticism.
Question 14. 14. How do we determine the difference between higher and lower pleasures, according to Mill? (Points : 1)
The relative duration and intensity.
The preference of those who are acquainted with both.
The amount of happiness they produce on average.
We can’t, since there is no difference between pleasures.
Question 15. 15. According to Thomas Nagel’s article, “War and Massacre,” the absolutist position that creates no problems of interpretation is (Points : 1)
rule utilitarianism
act utilitarianism
pacifism
humanitarian intervention
Question 16. 16. If the Ring of Gyges really existed, (Points : 1)
Just people would use it for justice.
Just people would not use it at all.
Unjust people would use it differently than just people.
Everyone would use it the same.
Question 17. 17. Glaukon begins by claiming that “those who practice justice” do so (Points : 1)
Because they know it is the right thing to do.
Because they are compelled by their conscience.
Because they are incapable of doing otherwise.
Because all of the parts of their character are harmoniously oriented toward the good.
Question 18. 18. In the video “What is Just War Theory?” Michael Walzer states that a core idea of Just War Theory (Points : 1)
requires us to imagine the rules of war as they would apply to a peaceful, civil society
requires us to judge the conduct of a war independently of the character of the war
requires us to imagine that a war is like a bank robbery, and that the just warrior defending his country has rights the unjust warrior invading his country does not have
none of the above
Question 19. 19. What is Peter Singer’s point about performing vivisection on mentally disabled human infants? (Points : 1)
That if we say that it would be wrong to perform experiments on such humans but not on non-humans then we are showing bias based upon species alone
That a good speciesist would not perform experiments on any being
That we should test upon mentally disabled human infants because the results would be more reliable than tests on animals
That anyone who would consider testing on a human infant is a monster
Question 20. 20. According to the video “Religion, War, and Violence,” proponents of Just War Theory agree that without the restraints of Just War Theory (Points : 1)
the violence and aggression of war would be worse
humanitarian intervention would be more successful
prisoners and noncombatants would have greater equality
none of the above
Question 21. 21. According to Rachels, many people accept the conventional doctrine because they believe: (Points : 1)
killing is intrinsically worse than letting die.
there is no intrinsic moral difference between killing and letting die.
letting die is morally worse than killing.
it is never permissible either to let someone die or to kill them.
Question 22. 22. According to Tom Regan, what is fundamentally wrong with our current system? (Points : 1)
It mistreats animals in captivity
It does not adequately reduce the number of experiments to only what is medically necessary
It treats animals as resources; as though they exist for us
That it doesn’t utilize animals enough for beneficial purposes
Question 23. 23. Rachels claims that most actual cases of killing: (Points : 1)
are morally worse than most actual cases of letting die.
are morally the same most actual cases of letting die.
are morally less bad than most actual cases of letting die.
are morally required.
Question 24. 24. What happens to the offspring of dairy cows, according to the video “Meet Your Meat”? (Points : 1)
They are taken away at a young age
They stay with their mothers until a healthy age
They are placed in animal sanctuaries
They go to pasture to become breeders
Question 25. 25. In Hill’s example, what did the wealthy eccentric man do to his yard after he bought a new house? (Points : 1)
cut down an avocado tree
covered the yard with asphalt
remodeled the kitchen
1 and 2
Question 26. 26. Nagel argues that the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were just like what other kind of action, just on a larger scale? (Points : 1)
Killing the wife and child of someone attacking you in order to distract him from his attack.
Bombing a munitions factory and killing some of the civilian workers inside.
Firing at an enemy soldier and hitting an innocent bystander with a stray bullet.
Bombing a convoy of enemy soldiers.
Question 27. 27. Tom Regan discusses the concept of indirect duties. Having only indirect duties towards animals means (Points : 1)
That we have a duty not to harm animals but only because of the harm it might do to humans
That we have no duties regarding animals whatsoever
That our duties towards animals are equal to our duties towards humans
That we actually have greater duties to animals than to humans
Question 28. 28. In Gilligan’s example, the child named Amy focuses on this aspect of the Heinz dilemma (Points : 1)
the logical nature of the problem
a utilitarian calculus that weighs the options
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
the relationships involved in the dilemma
Question 29. 29. What does Noddings say about women’s feelings about the death of the body? (Points : 1)
Women, more than anyone, just want to know that the soul of their child has gone to heaven
Women know the preciousness of the body because they create them and care for them
Women are happy not to have to deal with the messiness of dead bodies
Men tend to be more sensitive to the death of the body since they are the ones that have to risk their own lives in war
Question 30. 30. Glaukon thinks that deep in our hearts we all believe that (Points : 1)
Injustice is more profitable than justice.
We will have a clearer conscience if we always stick to the laws of justice.
To be unjust is to be a fool.
Both B and C.
Question 31. 31. In his discussion of virtue and honor in the military, what does Robinson consider to be the relation between integrity and magnanimity? (Points : 1)
They both should be pursued to the greatest extent possible.
The inner honor of integrity should always take priority over the outer honors associated with magnanimity.
Finding a suitable balance between the two helps prevent the excesses of each on its own.
The prospect of honors from one’s peers is the only realistic motivation for a soldier to act virtuously.
None of the above.
Question 32. 32. According to Glaukon, justice is based on (Points : 1)
Mutually advantageous agreements among people.
The laws of God.
Natural goodwill among people.
The will of the powerful.
Question 33. 33. This is one way that men can contribute to the destruction of sexual objectification of women (Points : 1)
they can be kind to women
they can tell women that they are attractive
they can stop seeking attention
they can stop evaluating women based on their looks
Question 34. 34. In what way would Hill’s notion of “self-acceptance” correspond to Aristotle’s conception of eudaimonia? (Points : 1)
They both are inherently selfish and contrary to virtue.
They both require the virtues of arrogance and pride.
Neither has anything to do with ethics.
They both involve acknowledging that we are the sorts of creatures we are.
Question 35. 35. According to Aristotle, we should begin ethical inquiry by specifying: (Points : 1)
which things are intrinsically valuable.
the ultimate aim of all that we do.
what our fundamental duties are.
what constraints on behavior it would be reasonable to agree to.
Question 36. 36. What does Singer say about other philosophers’ attempts to argue that only humans have moral worth? (Points : 1)
That they give a good way to determine who has rights in a way that includes all humans and no animals
That they all say that animals should have rights too
That they come up with unjustified methods to include all humans while excluding all animals from moral consideration
That animals do not have rights because they are not as smart as humans are
Question 37. 37. What does Nel Noddings say about rates of violent crime among men and women? (Points : 1)
Men are naturally much more violence prone than women
Women commit nearly as much crime as men do; gender differences here are illusory
Men can be socialized not to commit crime, as seen in many eastern societies
There has been no clearly demonstrated relation between gender and crime rates
Question 38. 38. Which one of these is not a way of expressing Kant’s Categorical Imperative? (Points : 1)
Act as if the maxim of your action were to become by your will a universal law.
Act that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means.
Act so that the maxim of your action ensures the satisfaction of your desires.
None of the above.
Question 39. 39. In the article “War and Massacre,” Thomas Nagel argues that moral absolutism (Points : 1)
is consistent with the principles of utilitarianism
can be used to justify genocide
is primarily concerned with what a person is doing
is primarily concerned with the outcome of a person’s actions
Question 40. 40. What, according to Noddings, do male philosophers tend to say about death (as opposed to women)? (Points : 1)
Men are more brave in the face of death than women because of their natural courageousness
Death tends to be harder on men due to their attachments to the glory of this world
Women are more able to allow their faith in the afterlife overcome their aversion to death
Male philosophers often talk as though the world or reason and abstraction is superior to the physical world of the body
Question 41. 41. According to Midgley, moral isolationism (Points : 1)
Is a “perverse indulgence of the self-righteous.”
Is based on skeptical diagnosis.
Stems from concerns about hypocrisy.
Justifies immorality.
Question 42. 42. Robinson suggests that the more closely one associates with one’s identity with a certain group, the more one will (Points : 1)
Associate one’s honor with defying the honor of the group
Associate one’s honor with that of the group
Associate one’s honor with that of the enemy group
Associate one’s honor with the honor of prudence
None of the above
Question 43. 43. Robinson describes magnanimity and integrity as both primarily concerned with what? (Points : 1)
Honor
Wealth
Courage
Generosity
Question 44. 44. This is the name for prostitutes in India who have been dedicated to a female goddess (Points : 1)
Hindus
Hiermala
Devadasi
Sangli
Question 45. 45. Which of the following does Peter Singer assert about the principle of equality? (Points : 1)
People should have equal rights because they are factually equal.
People with higher abilities, it stands to reason, should have greater rights.
Different groups of humans should have equal rights if scientific investigation proves that there are no genetic differences in their abilities.
It is a prescription that we should treat people equally regardless of their differing abilities.
Question 46. 46. In Aristotle’s view, the virtues are: (Points : 1)
acquired through habit.
acquired through philosophical reflection.
a gift from the gods.
something we are either born with or not.
Question 47. 47. Michael Walzer argues that in the unique world of war, both morality and authority are (Points : 1)
radically contested
established by rules of war
established by neutral states
none of the above
Question 48. 48. In the video “Sexism in the News Media 2012” some newscasters blame military women for this (Points : 1)
being killed in combat
being raped
not being able to have children
being war heroes
Question 49. 49. Rachels argues that the conventional doctrine: (Points : 1)
is self-evidently correct.
is not what most people believe, but can be supported by strong arguments.
leads to decisions concerning life and death made on morally irrelevant grounds.
leads to patients being euthanized against their will.
Question 50. 50. In Gilligan’s article, the example of Heinz involves which crime (Points : 1)
theft
murder
arson
racketeering
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