introduction to statistics

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File: ch01, Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics

 

 

True/False

 

 

 

1. Virtually all areas of business use statistics in decision making.

 

Response: See section 1.1, Statistics in Business

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

2. The complete collection of all entities under study is called the sample.

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

3. A portion or subset of the entities under study is called the statistic.

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

4. A descriptive measure of the population is called a parameter.

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

5. A census is the process of gathering data on all the entities in the population.

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

6. Statistics is commonly divided into two branches called descriptive statistics and summary statistics.

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

7. A descriptive measure of the sample is called a statistic.

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

8. Gathering data from a sample to reach conclusions about the population from which the sample was drawn is called descriptive statistics.

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

9. Calculation of population parameters is usually either impossible or excessively time consuming and costly.

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

10. The basis for inferential statistics is the ability to make decisions about population parameters without having to complete a census of the population.

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

11.All numerical data must be analyzed statistically in the same way because all of them are represented by numbers.

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Hard

 

 

 

12.The manner in which numerical data can be analyzed statistically depends on the level of data measurement represented by numbers being analyzed.

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Hard

 

 

 

13.The lowest level of data measurement is the ratio level.

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

14.The highest level of data measurement is the ratio level.

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

15.Numbers which are used to classify or categorize the observations represent data measured at the nominal level.

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

16.Numbers which are used to rank-order the performance of workers represent data measured at the interval level.

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

17.Nominal and ordinal data are sometimes referred to as qualitative data.

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

18.Nominal and ordinal data are sometimes referred to as quantitative data.

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

19.With interval-level data, the zero point is a matter of convention and does not mean the absence of the phenomenon under observation.

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Hard

 

 

 

20.Interval- and Ratio-level data are sometimes referred to as quantitative data.

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Hard

 

 

 

Multiple Choice

 

 

 

21. Manuel Banales, Marketing Director of Plano Power Plants, Inc.'s Electrical Division, is directing a study to identify and assess the relative importance of product features.  Manuel directs his staff to design a survey questionnaire for distribution to all of Plano’s 954 customers. For this study, the set of 954 customers is ________________.

a) a parameter

b) a sample

c) the population

d) a statistic

e) the frame

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

22. Manuel Banales, Marketing Director of Plano Power Plants, Inc.'s Electrical Division, is directing a study to identify and assess the relative importance of product features.  Manuel directs his staff to design a survey questionnaire for distribution to 100 of Plano’s 954 customers. For this study, the set of 100 customers is ________________.

a) a parameter

b) a sample

c) the population

d) a statistic

e) the frame

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

23. Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.

Specifically, the number of industrial customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less each year. She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by surveying all 1,500 industrial customers. For this study, the set of 1,500 industrial customers is ______________.

a) a parameter

b) a sample

c) the population

d) a statistic

e) the frame

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

24. Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.

Specifically, the number of industrial customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less each year. She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by selecting a focus group of 40 industrial customers. For this study, the set of 40 industrial customers is ________.

a) a parameter

b) a sample

c) the population

d) a statistic

e) the frame

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

25. Abel Alonzo, Director of Human Resources, is exploring the causes of employee absenteeism at Batesville Bottling during the last operating year (January 1, 1999 through December 31, 1999). For this study the set of all employees who worked at Batesville Bottling during the last

operating year is ________________.

a) a parameter

b) a sample

c) the population

d) a statistic

e) the frame

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

26. Abel Alonzo, Director of Human Resources, is exploring the causes of employee absenteeism at Batesville Bottling during the last operating year. Personnel records for 50 of the plant's 250 employees are selected for analysis.  For this study, the group of 50 employees is a __________.

a) parameter

b) sample

c) population

d) statistic

e) frame

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

27. When a person collects information from the entire population, this is called a _______.

a) parameter

b) sample

c) population

d) census

e) statistic

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

28.Manuel Banales, Marketing Director of Plano Power Plants, Inc.'s Electrical Division, is leading a study to identify and assess the relative importance of product features.  Manuel directs his staff to design a survey questionnaire and distribution it to all of Plano’s 954 customers. Manuel is ordering a ____________.

a) statistic from the customers

b) census of the customers

c) sample of the customers

d) sorting of the customers

e) parameter of the customers

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

29.Manuel Banales, Marketing Director of Plano Power Plants, Inc.'s Electrical Division, is leading a study to identify and assess the relative importance of product features.  Manuel directs his staff to design a survey questionnaire and distribute it 100 of Plano’s 954 customers. Manuel is ordering a ____________.

a) statistic from the customers

b) census of the customers

c) sample of the customers

d) sorting of the customers

e) parameter of the customers

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium 

 

 

 

30.Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.

Specifically, the number of customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less each year.

She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by surveying all 1,500 industrial customers. Sue is ordering a __________.

a) statistic from the industrial customers

b) census of the industrial customers

c) sample of the industrial customers

d) sorting of the industrial customers

e) parameter of the industrial customers

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Medium 

 

 

 

31.Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.

Specifically, the number of customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less each year.

She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by selecting a focus group of 40 industrial customers. Sue is ordering a __________.

a) statistic from the industrial customers

b) census of the industrial customers

c) sample of the industrial customers

d) sorting of the industrial customers

e) parameter of the industrial customers

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium 

 

 

 

32.Pinky Bauer, Chief Financial Officer of Harrison Haulers, Inc., suspects irregularities in the payroll system, and orders an inspection of "each and every payroll voucher issued since January 1, 1999." Pinky is ordering a __________________.

a) statistic from the payroll vouchers

b) census of the payroll vouchers  

c) sample of the payroll vouchers

d) sorting of the payroll vouchers

e) parameter of the payroll vouchers

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts

Difficulty: Medium 

 

 

 

33.Pinky Bauer, Chief Financial Officer of Harrison Haulers, Inc., suspects irregularities in the payroll system, and orders an inspection of "every tenth payroll voucher issued since January 1, 1999." Pinky is ordering a __________________.

a) statistic from the payroll vouchers

b) census of the payroll vouchers  

c) sample of the payroll vouchers

d) sorting of the payroll vouchers

e) parameter of the payroll vouchers

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

34.On discovering an improperly adjusted drill press, Jack Joyner, Director of Quality

Control, ordered a 100% inspection of all castings drilled during the evening shift.  Jack is ordering a ___________________.

a) statistic from the castings

b) census of the castings 

c) sample of the castings

d) sorting of the castings

e) parameter of the castings

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium 

 

 

 

35.On discovering an improperly adjusted drill press, Jack Joyner, Director of Quality

Control, ordered an inspection of every fifth casting drilled during the evening shift. Jack is ordering a ___________________.

a) statistic from the castings

b) census of the castings 

c) sample of the castings

d) sorting of the castings

e) parameter of the castings

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

36.The lowest level of data measurement is _______.

a) interval level

b) ordinal level

c) nominal level

d) ratio level

e) minimal level

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

37.Which of the following operations is meaningful for processing nominal data?

a) Addition

b) Multiplication

c) Ranking

d) Counting

e) Division

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

38.Which scale of measurement has these two properties: linear distance is meaningful and the location of origin (or zero point) is arbitrary?

a) Interval level

b) Ordinal level

c) Nominal level

d) Ratio level

e) Minimal level

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

39.Which scale of measurement has these two properties:  linear distance is meaningful and the location of origin (or zero point) is absolute (or natural)?

a) Interval level

b) Ordinal level

c) Nominal level

d) Ratio level

e) Relative level

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

     

40.Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.

Specifically, the number of customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less each year.

She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by surveying all 1,500 industrial customers. One question on the survey asked the customers: “Which of the following best describes your primary business: a. manufacturing, b. wholesaler, c. retail, d. service.”  The measurement level for this question is _________________.

a) interval level

b) ordinal level

c) nominal level

d) ratio level

e) relative level

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

41.A question in a survey of microcomputer u2sers asked: “Which operating system do you use most often:  a. Apple OS 7, b. MS DOS, c. MS Windows 95, d. UNIX.” The measurement level for this question is _________________.

a) nominal level

b) ordinal level

c) interval level

d) ratio level

e) relative level

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

42.Which of the following operations is meaningful for processing ordinal data, but is meaningless for processing nominal data?

a) Addition

b) Multiplication

c) Ranking

d) Counting

e) Division

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

43.Sue Taylor, Director of Global Industrial Sales, is concerned by a deteriorating sales trend.

Specifically, the number of customers is stable at 1,500, but they are purchasing less each year.

 She orders her staff to search for causes of the downward trend by surveying all 1,500 industrial customers.  One question on the survey asked the customers: “How many people does your company employ?  The measurement level for this question is __________.

a) interval level

b) ordinal level

c) nominal level

d) relative level

e) ratio level

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

44. A consumer has been asked to rank five cars based upon their desirability.  This level of measurement is _______.

a) interval level

b) ordinal level

c) nominal level

d) ratio level

e) relative level

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Easy

 

 

 

45.Morningstar Mutual Funds analyzes the risk and performance of mutual funds.  Each mutual fund is assigned an overall rating of one to five stars.  One star is the lowest rating, and five stars is the highest rating. This level of measurement is __________.

a) ordinal level

b) interval level

c) nominal level

d) ratio level

e) relative level

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

46.A level of data measurement that has an absolute zero is called _______.

a) interval level

b) ordinal level

c) nominal level

d) ratio level

e) relative level

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Medium

 

                       

 

47.A person has decided to code a particular set of sales data.  A value of 0 is assigned if the sales occurred on a weekday, and a value of 1 means it happened on a weekend. This is an example of _______.

a) interval level data

b) ordinal level data

c) nominal level data

d) ratio level data

e) relative level data

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

48.Members of the accounting department's clerical staff were asked to rate their supervisor's leadership style as either (1) authoritarian or (2) participatory.  This is an example of _______ .

a) interval level data

b) ordinal level data

c) nominal level data

d) ratio level data

e) relative level data

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

49. A market research analyst has asked consumers to rate the appearance of a new package on a scale of 1 to 5.  A 1 means that the appearance is awful while a 5 means that it is excellent. The level of this data is usually considered _______.

a) interval level data

b) ordinal level data

c) nominal level data

d) ratio level data

e) relative level data

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

50.The social security number of employees would be an example of what level of data measurement?

a) Interval level data

b) Ordinal level data

c) Nominal level data

d) Ratio level data

e) Relative level data

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

51.Sales of a restaurant (in dollars) are an example of what level of data measurement?

a) Interval level data

b) Ordinal level data

c) Nominal level data

d) Ratio level data

e) Relative level data

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

52.Grades on a test range from 0 to 100.  This level of data is _______.

a) interval level data

b) ordinal level data

c) nominal level data

d) ratio level data

e) relative level data

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

53.If it were not for the existence of an "absolute zero," ratio data would be considered the same as _______.

a) interval level data

b) ordinal level data

c) nominal level data

d) ratio level data

e) relative level data

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

54.Scholastic Aptitude Test scores are an example of what type of measurement scale?

a) Interval level data

b) Ordinal level data

c) Nominal level data

d) Ratio level data

e) Relative level data

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

55.Which types of data are normally used in parametric statistics?

a) Interval or ratio level data

b) Ordinal or nominal level data

c) Nominal or ratio level data

d) Ratio or ordinal level data

e) Relative or ratio level data

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Hard

 

 

 

56.Which types of data are normally used with nonparametric statistics?

a) Interval or ratio level data

b) Ordinal or nominal level data

c) Nominal or ratio level data

d) Ratio or ordinal level data

e) Relative or ratio level data

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement 

Difficulty: Hard

 

 

 

57.Using data from a group to generalize to a larger group involves the use of _______.

a) descriptive statistics

b) inferential statistics

c) population derivation

d) sample persuasion

e) relative level data

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

58.A student makes an 82 on the first test in a statistics course. From this, she estimates that her average at the end of the semester (after other tests) will be about 82.  This is an example of ___.

a) descriptive statistics

b) inferential statistics

c) population derivation

d) sample persuasion

e) relative level data

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

59.Jessica Salas, president of Salas Products, is reviewing the warranty policy for her company's new model of automobile batteries.  Life tests performed on a sample of 100 batteries indicated an average life of seven years under normal usage. Jessica recommended a six-year warranty period for the new model. This is an example of _____________.

a) descriptive statistics

b) executive forecasting

c) population derivation

d) sample persuasion

e) inferential statistics

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Hard

 

 

 

60.On discovering an improperly adjusted drill press, Jack Joyner, Director of Quality

Control, ordered an inspection of every fifth casting drilled during the evening shift. Less than 1% of the castings were defective; so, Jack released the evening shift's production to assembly.  This is an example of _______________.

a) nonparametric statistics

b) nominal data

c) descriptive statistics

d) inferential statistics

e) judgmental statistics

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Hard

 

 

 

61.A new sales person is paid a commission on each sale.  This person made $2,000 his first month on the job.  From this he concludes that he will make $24,000 during his first year.  This is an example of _______.

a) inferential statistics

b) nominal data

c) descriptive statistics

d) deferential statistics

e) nonparametric statistics

 

Response: See section 1.1, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Hard

 

 

 

62.A statistics instructor collects information about the background of his students.  About 30% of the students have taken economics and about 40% have taken accounting.  There are 23 male students and 27 female students in this class. This is an example of _______.

a) nonparametric statistics

b) nominal data

c) descriptive statistics

d) inferential statistics

e) census

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement   

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

63.A market researcher is interested in determining the average income for families in Duval County, Florida. To accomplish this, she takes a random sample of 400 families from the county and uses the data gathered from them to estimate the average income for families of the entire county.  This process is an example of _______.

a) nonparametric statistics

b) nominal data

c) descriptive statistics

d) inferential statistics

e) census

 

: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

64.The Universal Pulp Company has a plant in Portland, Oregon.  Management wants to determine the average number of sick days taken per worker in this plant in 2006. To do this, the management gathers records on all the workers in the plant and averages the number of sick days taken in 2006 by each worker.  This process is using _______.

a) nonparametric statistics

b) nominal data

c) descriptive statistics

d) inferential statistics

e) a census

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

65. The Magnolia Swimming Pool Company wants to determine the average number of years it takes before a major repair is required on one of the pools that the company constructs.  The president of the company asks Rick Johnson, a company accountant, to randomly contact fifty families that built Magnolia pools in the past ten years and determine how long it was in each case until a major repair.  The information will then be used to estimate the average number of years until a major repair for all pools sold by Magnolia.  The average based on the data gathered from the fifty families can best be described as a _______.

a) parameter

b) sample

c) population

d) statistic

e) frame

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

66.The Chamber of Commerce wants to assess its membership's opinions of the North American Free Trade Agreement.  One-hundred of the 2,000 members are randomly selected and contacted by telephone. Seventy-five reported an overall favorable opinion, and twenty-five reported an overall unfavorable opinion.  The proportion, 0.75, is a ___________.

a) parameter

b) statistic

c) population

d) sample

e) frame

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

67.What proportion of San Diego’s registered voters favor trade restrictions with China? In an effort to determine this, a research team calls every registered voter in San Diego and contacts them. The proportion determined from the data gathered is a _______.

a) parameter

b) sample

c) population

d) statistic

e) frame

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

68.A researcher wants to know what the average variation is in altimeters of small, privately owned airplanes. The task of determining this is expensive and time consuming, if even possible, given the large number of such airplanes.  The researcher decides to use government records to randomly locate the owners of ten such planes and then get permission to test the altimeters. When the researcher is done, he will use the data gathered from the group of ten to reach conclusions about all small, privately owned airplanes. This process can best be described as _______.

a) data statistics

b) research statistics

c) descriptive statistics

d) inferential statistics

e) nonparametric statistics

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

69.A researcher wants to know what the average variation is in altimeters of small, privately owned airplanes. The task of determining this is expensive and time consuming, if even possible, given the large number of such airplanes.  The researcher decides to use government records to randomly locate the owners of ten such planes and then get permission to test the altimeters. When the researcher is done, he will use the data gathered from the group of ten to reach conclusions about all small, privately owned airplanes. The average variation computed using the data gathered on the group of ten airplanes is best described as a _______.

a) measurement

b) data

c) statistic

d) parameter.

e) census

 

Response: See section 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

70.How much inventory do Christmas tree sales lots keep?  A researcher goes from location to location around the city counting the number of trees in each lot. These numbers most likely represent what level of data?

a) Interval level

b) Ordinal level

c) Nominal level

d) Ratio level

e) Relative level

 

Response: See s6ection 1.2, Basic Statistical Concepts 

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

71.During the Valentine's season, different offices in a company are encouraged to decorate their doors.  A committee then goes around and ranks the doors according to how well the doors are decorated. The best door gets a ranking of “1”; the second best gets a ranking of “2”, etc.  The numbers of these rankings represent which level of data?

a) Interval level

b) Ordinal level

c) Nominal level

d) Ratio level

e) Relative level

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

72.A large manufacturing company in Indianapolis produces valves for the chemical industry.

According to specifications, one particular valve is supposed to have a five-inch opening on the side. Quality control inspectors take random samples of these valves just after the hole is bored.

They measure the size of the hole in an effort to determine if the machine is out‑of‑adjustment.

The measurement of the diameter of the hole represents which level of data?

a) Interval level

b) Ordinal level

c) Nominal level

d) Central level

e) Ratio level

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

73.A marketing demographic survey is undertaken to determine the market potential for a new product.  One of the questions asked is: What type of residence do you live in?  Respondents are offered several possible answers including:  house, apartment, or condominiums.  In order to computerize the survey answers, the responses are coded as a 1 if the answer is "house", a 2 if the answer is an "apartment", and a 3 if the answer is a "condominium". These numbers, 1, 2, and 3, are examples of which level of data?

a) Interval level

b) Ordinal level

c) Nominal level

d) Ratio level

e) Relative level

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

74.A marketing survey is conducted to ascertain the potentiality of several new products.  A series of focus groups is used to conduct this survey.  At the end of one of the sessions, the group members are asked to rank the remaining eight products in order of desirability.  A one indicates the most favored product and an eight is awarded to the least desirable.  These numbers are examples of which level of data?

a) Interval level

b) Ordinal level

c) Nominal level

d) Ratio level

e) Relative level

 

Response: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

 

75.A business is attempting to find the best small town in the United States in which to relocate.

As part of the investigation, the elevations of all small towns in the United States are researched.

Some towns are located high in the Rockies with elevations over 8,000 feet. There are even some towns located in the south central valley of California with elevations below sea level. These elevations can best be described as which level of data?

a) Interval level

b) Ordinal level

c) Nominal level

d) Ratio level

e) Relative level

 

: See section 1.3, Data Measurement

Difficulty: Medium

 

 

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