Questions 1 From the components that you can see in the photos shown in Figure A-19, you can see that Engine A and Engine C both have
A. radiators and cooling fans.
B. smooth cylinder heads and flywheels.
C. boot-type spark plug connectors and cylinder head fins.
D. electronic ignition systems and water-cooling systems


 FIGURE A-2—Use the information in this chart to answer Questions 2 and 3.
2. The chart shown in Figure A-2 is used to select the correct viscosity of oil depending on the temperature of the atmosphere in which the engine will be used. Recommendations are given for temperatures in both the English system of measurement (degrees Fahrenheit or 0F) and the metric system (degrees Celsius or 0C). Note that 320F is the same as 00C. These oil viscosity recommendations are for a particular manufacturer's engine (not necessarily all engines). Based on the information in the table, which of the following oils should be used in a lawn mower engine that's regularly operated in an outdoor temperature of between 10 degrees and 20 degrees Celsius?
A. 5W-30 or 10W-30
B. SAE 30
C. Synthetic 5W-20 or 5W-30
D. 5W-20 or 10W-40
3. According to the table in Figure A-2, which of the following oils would you recommend for a snow blower engine that's regularly used when the air temperature is at –10°F?
A. 5W-30 or 10W-30
B. SAE 30
C. Synthetic 5W-20 or 5W-30
D. 5W-20 or 10W-40

FIGURE A-3—Use this photo to answer Question 4.
4. Two small-engine technicians are disassembling the engine shown in Figure A-3. The crankcase is shown on the left-hand side of the photo, and the crankcase cover is being held by a technician on the right-hand side of the photo. After observing the various components, Technician A says that this engine has a barrel-pump lubrication system that's driven by an eccentric lobe on the camshaft. Technician B says that this engine clearly has an oil slinger that's driven by the timing gears. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Only Technician A is correct.
B. Only Technician B is correct.
C. Both technicians are correct.
D. Neither technician is correct.
5. A customer brings a lawn mower into your shop for repairs. The mower uses a four-stroke, 4.0 hp Kohler engine. The customer complains that the engine is very hard to start and that it runs very poorly after starting. You begin your examination of the engine by removing the spark plug to check its condition. You notice that the spark plug electrodes are covered with dry, fluffy black deposits and that the spark plug gap has been bridged by these deposits. You also detect the smell of gasoline on the end of the spark plug. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this spark plug condition?
A. The piston rings aren't sealing the cylinder properly and oil is seeping past the rings into the combustion chamber.
B. The carburetor is allowing too much fuel to reach the cylinder.
C. The fuel-and-oil mixture that's being used in the engine contains too much oil.
D. The engine has been operated at a high rpm without any oil.

FIGURE A-4—Use the information in this chart to answer Questions 6 and 7.
6. A customer brings a gas-operated weed trimmer into your repair shop. The machine uses a two-stroke Tecumseh engine. The customer complains that the trimmer smokes a lot during operation. You ask the customer what mixture of fuel and oil is being used in the engine. She tells you that she is using a mixture of ½ pint of oil mixed with 3 gallons of gas. The owner's manual for the engine indicates that the correct fuel-and-oil mixture ratio for this engine is 32 : 1. To see whether the correct mixture is being used in the engine, you consult the two-cycle engine mixing chart shown in Figure A-4. Based on the information provided in this chart, which of the following statements is correct?
A. The correct fuel-and-oil ratio should be 3 gallons of gas to 0.25 pint of oil.
B. The customer isn't using enough oil in her mixture.
C. The customer's fuel-and-oil mixture is correct, so there must be another problem with the engine.
D. The customer is using too much oil in her mixture.
7. A customer brings a chain saw into your shop to be fixed. The machine uses a small, two-stroke engine. The customer explains that the machine is difficult to start, lacks power when running, and stalls out frequently. When you ask what fuel-and-oil mixture is being used in the engine, he tells you that he is using a mixture of ½ pint of oil mixed with 1 gallon of gas. The owner's manual for the engine indicates that the correct fuel-and-oil mixture ratio for this engine is 50 : 1. To see whether the correct mixture is being used in the engine, you check the mixing chart shown in Figure A-4. Based on the information provided in the chart, which of the following statements is correct?
A. The customer is using too much oil in his mixture.
B. The customer's fuel-and-oil mixture is correct, so there must be another problem with the engine.
C. The customer is using too much gas in his mixture.
D. The correct fuel-and-oil ratio should be 1 gallon of gas to 0.40 pint of oil.

FIGURE A-5—Use this illustration to answer Question 8.
8. The technician shown in Figure A-5 is checking a small-engine ignition system specification. Three students are observing this process. Student A says that the technician is measuring the reach of a spark plug. Student B says that the technician is measuring the engine's armature air gap with a feeler gage blade. Student C says that the technician is measuring a spark plug gap with a wire gapping tool. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Only Student C is correct.
B. Only Student B is correct.
C. Only Student A is correct.
D. None of the students is correct.

FIGURE A-6—In this photo, a technician is checking a small engine measurement with a tool. Use this photo and the specification chart provided to answer Question 9.
9. In the photo shown in Figure A-6, a technician is checking a small engine measurement with a tool. The manufacturer's specifications for this engine are shown in the chart shown in Figure A-6. Look at the photo and the specification chart carefully. Based on the information provided in the manufacturer's specification chart, what should be the correct distance that the technician in the photo measures with the tool?
A. 0.007 inch
B. 0.012-0.016 inch
C. 0.020 inch
D. 0.025 inch
10. Three small engine technicians are discussing the procedures used to change the oil in an engine. Technician A says that the correct procedure is to warm up the engine before draining the oil because this will help to suspend dirt particles in the oil. Technician B says the proper procedure is to change the oil when the engine is cold because this will ensure that all the oil is held in the bottom of the crankcase. Technician C says that the oil should be changed when the engine is cold, because changing the oil when the engine is warm will remove too much oil from the components, and not enough oil will be left in the engine to lubricate the parts at startup. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Only Technician A is correct.
B. Only Technician B is correct.
C. Technician B and Technician C are both correct.
D. None of the three technicians is correct. It doesn't matter at all whether the engine is warm or cold when changing oil.

FIGURE A-7—Use this illustration to answer Question 11.
11. What does the technician shown in Figure A-7 appear to be doing?
A. Checking the magneto air gap
B. Installing a flywheel
C. Testing the strength of a flywheel magnet
D. Gapping a spark plug
FIGURE A-8 contains photos of four different Kawasaki engines. Each engine is labeled with its manufacturer's model number. Below the pictures of the engines is a chart that contains some manufacturer's specifications. Look at the photos and the specification chart, then answer Questions 12 and 13.

FIGURE A-8—The photos and specification chart shown here should be used to answer Questions 12 and 13. (Courtesy of Kawasaki)
12. According to the manufacturer's specifications provided in Figure A-8, which of the following statements is correct?
A. All four of the engines pictured have forced-air cooling systems, electronic ignition systems, splash lubrication systems, and recoil starters.
B. Not one of the four engines pictured has an electric starter, an electronic ignition, and a forced-air cooling system.
C. All four of the engines pictured have vertical crankshaft arrangements, fuel pumps, overhead valve arrangements, and forced-air cooling systems.
D. Not one of the four engines pictured has a splash lubrication system, an electronic ignition, and an over-head valve arrangement.
13. Which of the engines pictured in Figure A-8 has an overhead valve arrangement, a vertical crankshaft, a magneto ignition, a pressurized lubrication system, a recoil starter, and a forced-air cooling system?
A. Engine FC290V and engine FC400V both have all these features.
B. All four of the engines pictured have all these features.
C. Engine FC150V, engine FC290V, and engine FC180V have all of these features.
D. None of the four engines pictured have all these features.
14. In which of the following are the steps used to clean a liquid cooling system listed in the correct order?
A. Add neutralizer, circulate, and drain; add cleaner, circulate, and drain; reverse-flush engine andradiator
B. Add cleaner, circulate, and drain; reverse-flush the engine and the radiator; add neutralizer, circulate, and drain
C. Reverse-flush the engine and radiator; add cleaner, circulate, and drain; add neutralizer, circulate, and drain
D. Add cleaner, circulate, and drain; add neutralizer, circulate, and drain; reverse-flush the engine and radiator

FIGURE A-9—This photo should be used to answer Question 15.
15. Two small engine technicians are disassembling the engine shown in Figure A-9. After observing the engine components, both technicians say that this engine has a splash-type lubrication system. Technician A says that the engine uses a dipper that's attached to the connecting rod to splash oil from the crankcase onto its components. Technician B says that engine uses a slinger that's driven by the timing gears to splash oil onto its components. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Only Technician A is correct.
B. Only Technician B is correct.
C. Both technicians are correct-the engine contains both a slinger and a dipper.
D. Neither technician is correct.
16. An engine equipped with an L-type head configuration has recently had a tune-up. During the tune-up, the oil was changed, the filters were replaced, the cooling fins were cleaned, and the spark plug was replaced. The engine ran fine before the tune-up, but now it won't start. When you begin to disassemble the engine, you find that the spark plug's ground electrode is pushed up against the center electrode and that there are dents and gouges on the head of the piston. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the engine problem?
A. The crankcase was filled with too much oil.
B. The spark plug reach was too long.
C. An air cooling fin was broken.
D. The piston head was gouged by a screwdriver when the air filter was changed.

FIGURE A-10—Use this photo to answer Question 17.(Kendall ® is a registered trademark of Witco Corporation Greenwich, CT.)
17. Figure A-10 shows the back of a typical bottle of engine oil. The label indicates that this oil is SAE 10W-30, with a classification of SH, SG/CD. Based on the information printed on the label, which of the following statements is true?
A. This is a multiviscosity oil with a weight of 10 that's designed for use in 1991 and later model engines, as well as in supercharged diesel engines.
B. This is a single-viscosity oil with a weight of 10 that's designed for use in 1991-1993 engines, as well as in moderate-duty diesel engines.
C. This is a multiviscosity oil with a weight of 30 that's designed for use in 1991 and later model engines, as well as in naturally aspirated diesel engines.
D. This is a single-viscosity oil with a weight of 30 that's designed for use in 1980-1990 cars and light trucks, as well as in light-duty diesel engines.

FIGURE A-11—This photo should be used to answer Questions 18 and 19.
18. A photo of a small engine component is shown in Figure A-11. The parts of the component are labeled with the letters S, T, V, X, Y, and Z. In the photo, what parts of the component are labeled with the letters S, T, and Z?
A. The shell, the coil, and the center electrode
B. The terminal nut, the insulator, and the lower electrode
C. The insulator, the shell, and the gap
D. The terminal nut, the ribs, and the threads
19. In Figure A-11, what parts of the component are labeled with the letters V, X, and Y?
A. The insulator, the terminal nut, and the center electrode
B. The shell, the reach, and the condenser
C. The coil, the gap, and the plunger
D. The shell, the threads, and the center electrode
Use the following information to answer Question 20.
A detailed drawing of a twin-cylinder, liquid-cooled small engine is shown in Figure A-12. Note the position of the radiator at the top of the drawing and observe its parts and appearance. Also, note the position and appearance of the flywheel. Because this is a liquid-cooled engine, the flywheel is a smooth disk without cooling fins. Because this is a cutaway drawing, the two cylinder heads can't be seen. However, the cylinder heads used on this engine are also smooth (they have no cooling fins). In the air-cooled engines you've seen before, the flywheels and cylinder heads have all been covered with cooling fins. In the drawing, you can see where the cylinder head would be located. Find the ignition coil (it's labeled in the figure), then follow along the thick spark plug wire to the spark plug. Remember that the spark plug would fit into a hole at about the center of the cylinder head. Thus, the spark plug marks the approximate spot where the cylinder head would be found on this engine.

FIGURE A-12—Use this drawing to answer Question 20.(Courtesy of Kawasaki)
20. Which of the following statements is a correct description of the flow of water through the engine shown in Figure A-12?
A. Water flows through the radiator hose to the water pump. The pump circulates the water through jacket passages around the cylinders, and then to the radiator.
B. Water flows from the fuel tank through the intake manifold to the water pump. The pump circulates the water through jacket passages around the cylinders, and then to the radiator.
C. Water flows from the reserve tank through the radiator hose to the water pump. The pump circulates the water around the radiator, and the water then returns to the reserve tank.
D. Water flows through the radiator hose to the water pump. The pump circulates the water through the thermostat, through the exhaust pipe, and then back to the radiator.

FIGURE A-13—Use this photo to answer Question 21.
21. In the Briggs & Stratton small engine shown in Figure A-13, the breaker points are located underneath the flywheel. In order to examine the points and set the point gap in this engine, you'll need to remove
A. the blower housing, the governor, and the flywheel.
B. the blower housing, the flywheel, and the breaker points cover.
C. the flywheel, the carburetor, and the condenser.
D. the flywheel, the air filter, and the battery.
22. A customer brings a lawn mower into your shop to be repaired. The mower contains a four-stroke, single-cylinder, 12 hp Kohler engine. The customer complains that the engine won't start and that the starter cord seems to be "stuck." He then explains that this problem occurred after running the mower in a field of very high grass. You immediately notice that the exterior of the mower is very dirty and covered with grass clippings. When you attempt to pull the starter cord, you find that it won't move and that the crankshaft won't turn at all. Upon removing the blower housing from the top of the engine, you find that the cylinder head fins are dirty and completely clogged with grass clippings. Based on these observations of the engine, which of the following would be the probable diagnosis of the "no-start" problem?
A. The spark plug isn't firing properly and is preventing the engine from starting. The spark plug should therefore be replaced with a new one.
B. The electronic ignition module failed, and the resulting short circuit caused the crankshaft to stop turning.
C. The engine isn't getting the proper lubrication. The fuel-and-oil mixture ratio should be checked, and more oil should be added to the mixture.
D. The engine overheated because air couldn't pass over the clogged cooling fins. The excessive heat caused the piston and crankshaft to seize, preventing the crankshaft from turning.
Questions 23, 24, 25, and 26 are based on the following repair shop scenario.
Imagine that you're working in an outdoor power equipment repair shop. Your boss points to a riding lawn mower that has just been brought in by a customer. He then hands you the manufacturer's manual and asks you to perform a tune-up on the engine. The riding mower is a model that you've never worked on before, and you don't even know what type of engine it uses. However, when you examine the mower, you find labels that contain the manufacturer's name and model number. You determine that the lawn mower is made by Snapper, and the model number of the mower is 331415KVE.

FIGURE A-14—Use the information in this chart to answer Questions 23 and 24. (Courtesy of Snapper)
23. Part of the Snapper manufacturer's manual is provided in Figure A-14. Based on the information in the figure, you determine that the engine on this mower is a
A. Briggs & Stratton 9 hp engine.
B. Kohler 14 hp OHV Command engine.
C. Briggs & Stratton 14 hp OHV I/C Quiet engine.
D. Tecumseh 16 hp OHV engine.
24. Based on the mower manufacturer's information in Figure A-14, what type of lubrication system does the engine have, and what is its oil capacity?
A. Splash lubrication, 7 qt oil capacity
B. Pressure lubrication, 48 fl oz capacity
C. Splash lubrication, 48 fl oz capacity
D. Pressure lubrication, 64 fl oz capacity

FIGURE A-15—Use the information in this specification chart to answer Questions 25 and 26.
25. Now that you know what type of engine the mower contains, you can proceed with the tune-up. Some different engine manufacturers' specifications are provided in Figure A-15. Based on the engine specifications given, what is the correct air gap for the engine on your customer's lawn mower?
A. 0.006 inch-0.010 inch
B. 0.008 inch-0.012 inch
C. 0.010 inch-0.014 inch
D. 0.0125 inch
26. Based on the specifications given in Figure A-15, what is the correct type of spark plug to use in your customer's engine?
A. J-8C
B. RCJ-8
C. CJ8Y
D. RC12YC

FIGURE A-16—Use this photo to answer Question 27.
27. Figure A-16 shows a photo of a four-stroke engine. Based on your knowledge of small engine parts and operation, which of the following statements is correct?
A. This is an air-cooled small engine with a breaker points system mounted next to the flywheel.
B. This is a liquid-cooled engine with a battery ignition system.
C. This is an air-cooled small engine with an electronic ignition system.
D. This is a liquid-cooled small engine with a smooth flywheel and a magneto ignition system.

FIGURE A-17—Use this photo to answer Question 28.
28. A tool is shown in Figure A-17. Which of the following statements about the uses of this tool is correct?
A. This tool can be used to measure the air gap, measure the point gap, and measure the spark plug gap.
B. This tool can be used to measure the spark plug reach, remove the condenser, install points, and check the oil level.
C. This tool can be used to install an electronic ignition module, remove the flywheel, or measure the air gap.
D. This tool can be used to set spark timing, test for spark, and measure the spark plug gap.

FIGURE A-18—Use this photo to answer Question 29.
29. Look at the photo shown in Figure A-18. An engine part has been labeled with the letter X. Based on your knowledge of small engine systems and operation, what engine part does this appear to be?
A. A flywheel key
B. An ignition coil
C. A flywheel magnet
D. An armature
30. A customer calls to ask how often he should change the oil in a lawn mower engine. After asking the customer for the manufacturer's name and the model number of the lawn mower engine, you check the service manual for the engine. The engine manufacturer recommends that you change the oil after every 50 hours of light- or normal-duty operation, or after every 25 hours of heavy-duty operation. The customer tells you that he is the groundskeeper at a local golf resort. He uses this mower only to trim the greens on the course. He mows the greens 2 times per week; each time, it takes a total of 5 hours to complete the job. The golf course is open 30 weeks out of the year. If you consider the mowing of the golf course to be normal-duty operation, how often should you tell the customer to change the oil in the mower engine? (Hint: You'll need to calculate the total number of hours the groundskeeper uses the mower per year. Assume that it's now the beginning of the 30-week golf resort season.)
A. The oil should be changed a total of 2 times during the 30-week season.
B. The oil should be changed a total of 3 times during the 30-week season.
C. The oil should be changed a total of 6 times during the 30-week season.
D. The oil should be changed a total of 10 times during the 30-week season.
Four photos of small engines are shown in Figure A-19. The engines are labeled with the letters A, B, C, and D. Look at the components of each of the engines carefully, then answer Questions 31 and 32.


FIGURE A-19—Use these photos to answer Question 31 and 32. (Photos B and D courtesy of Kawasaki)
31. Based on the photos shown in Figure A-19 and your knowledge of small engine parts and operation, which of the following statements is correct?
A. Engine B is a water-cooled engine.
B. Both Engine B and Engine C are air-cooled models.
C. Engine C is a water-cooled engine.
D. Both Engine A and Engine D are air-cooled models.

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